In addition, adhesion inhibition Forskolin assays indicated a role Enzalutamide research buy for AatA as adhesin for IMT5155, which substantiates the findings of Li et al. [17] and indicates

that the location of aatA, either on a plasmid or on the chromosome, does not seem to have any influence on the function of the adhesin, which has to be further investigated in the future. The ability of bacteria to adhere to a diverse range of surfaces including different host tissues and abiotic elements is essential for colonization, survival and persistence [30, 31]. This is demonstrated by the enormous number of different adhesins known so far. It is assumed that a bacterial cell has such a huge set of diverse adhesive proteins to be able to adhere to different tissues and surfaces [15, 31]. Indeed the results of our adhesion inhibition assays supported this idea as blocking of IMT5155 and of DF-1 cells did not have a relevant effect on the adhesion property, showing that

other adhesins are still effectively mediating adhesion. An involvement of AatA in adhesion does not necessarily predict its vital importance for the virulence of a strain in vivo. However virulence, in particular with regard to ExPEC strains, is often a result of the interplay of several factors, with adhesion-related factors representing one of the most learn more essential groups. Here, a number of adhesins are involved making it difficult to assess the contribution of one single

adhesin to disease symptoms. However, for the 98% identical those AatA of APEC_O1 its contribution to full virulence in chicken was shown [17]. One simple view is that one adhesin specifically mediates the adhesion to one specific receptor on the eukaryotic cell. This assumption led to the question if AatA isolated from APEC IMT5155, which enters the chicken via the respiratory tract, specifically recognizes proteins of the avian trachea and lung tissue. Interestingly, deduced from the amino acid sequence, AatA clustered together with Pertactin from B. pertussis, an adhesin which mediates binding to the lung epithelium of mammals (Figure 3; [32, 33]). As this is just a presumptive sequence-based finding, the identification of the host tissue receptor and its interaction with AatA has to be explored in future studies. A number of publications claim that autotransporter adhesins are of special interest as they constitute an essential component of vaccines used in the medical area [12]. Pertactin from Bordetella pertussis was the first autotransporter adhesin used as a vaccine [34]. Also for Hap from H. influenzae elicitation of specific antibody titres was shown in mice [35].