enes related in cell adhesion and stress response Cell adhesion molecules have been implicated selleck chem Imatinib in the regulation of a wide variety of fundamental cellu lar processes, such as cell adhesion, cell polarization, survival, movement, and proliferation. E selectin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on endothelial cells activated by cytokines, and plays an important role in recruiting leukocytes to the site of injury. Versican can bind adhesion molecules on the surface of inflam matory leukocytes and act as a TLR2 agonist in inducing the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Thrombospondin 1 is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell to cell and cell to matrix interactions and it could interact with numerous proteases involved in angiogenesis.

Mucosal vascular addressin cell adhe sion molecule 1 is predominantly expressed on high endothelial venules in inflamed tissues, and could assist the extravasations of leucocyte. The up regulation of cell adhesion molecules after SS2 infection would contribute to recruiting leukocytes to the site of infec tion, which could control infection. Genes related to oxidative stress and homeostasis were also identified to be up regulated. SOD2 provides vital protection against reactive oxygen species, thus protecting tissues from damage in a broad range of dis ease states. The secretion of PGE2, together with nitric oxide production, is involved in disruption of the blood brain barrier in an experimental model of bacterial meningitis. S. suis mediated PGE2 production by human macrophages was also noticed by Jobin and con tributed to the BBB disruption.

Toll like receptors pathway analysis Activation of the innate immune response is controlled in large part by the Toll like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors. The previous study showed that S. suis was mainly recognized via TLR2 by THP 1 monocytes, which was associated with CD14 and led to the release of pro inflammatory media tors. The strong activation of TLR2 and CD14 was also observed in murine brain parenchyma after the pre sence of S. suis bacteremia. A recent research indi cated that components released during S. suis infection as well as penicillin treated whole bacteria could induce NF kB activation through TLR2 6. The obvious ele vation of TLR2 and CD14 was noticed at transcript level in spleens after highly patho genic SS2 infection.

Unsurprisingly, MyD88, an adaptor molecule in downstream signaling events with TLRs and CD14, was up regulated at the level of 1. 5 fold. In contrast, the effect could not be seen AV-951 with avirulent SS2 infection. Down regulated transcripts following S. suis infection The majority of down regulated genes were related to transcription, transport, material and energy metabolism. Highly pathogenic strain could show high level of toxicity to host cells, and as a result, the influenced cells could hardly to be active. So these down Discussion Two recent SS2 outbreaks in China not only seriously challenged selleck chemicals Erlotinib public health bu