TTM has been known inhibit copper-binding proteins that regulate copper see more physiology through formation of a sulfur-bridged copper–molybdenum cluster, rather than by direct chelation of copper ions [10]. In the current study, TTM caused profound cessation of the growth of P. falciparum; this arrest resulted from inhibition of schizogony of the parasite. In contrast, treatment of uninfected RBCs with higher concentrations of

TTM caused only slight growth arrest. Thus, the target molecule(s) of TTM may be present predominantly in the parasite, although the molecule(s) involved in the growth arrest of the parasite remain to be determined. Also, the possibility that the excess TTM affects, directly or indirectly, various proteins that do not bind to copper, and thus causes developmental arrest of the parasite, remains to be elucidated. Chelation with Neocuproine, which selectively removes Cu1+ [11], inhibited the successive ring–trophozoite–schizont progression of P. falciparum effectively at extremely low concentration; blockage of trophozoite progression from the ring stage was shown at higher concentrations. In contrast, the growth of P. falciparum pretreated with Neocuproine was arrested only to a very small

extent, even when treated with much higher concentrations. This is quite different from the profound developmental arrest of P. falciparum maintained in the presence of Neocuproine throughout the culture period. We surmise that either the binding of Neocuproine may be reversible CP690550 or copper Methane monooxygenase ions may be replenished by host cells. RBCs contain copper at levels as high as a mean value of 18 μM, although most of the copper present in RBCs is bound to the enzyme superoxide dismutase [17, 18]. Developmental arrest of P. falciparum, similar to that in CDRPMI and GFSRPMI in the presence of Neocuproine and TTM, was detected in the parasite cultured in CDM-C16alone. We have demonstrated previously, using genome-wide transcriptome profiling and various CDMs, profound down-regulation of the putative copper channel

in parasites cultured in CDM-C16alone. This was associated with the blockage of trophozoite progression from the ring stage of the parasite. In the current study, the expression of genes encoding copper-binding proteins of P. falciparum was investigated, in detail, with cultures in CDM-C16alone, CDRPMI, and GFSRPMI. Transcript levels of not only a putative copper channel, which has previously been detected by genome-wide transcriptome profiling [7], but also a copper transporter were profoundly decreased during the arrested development of the parasite at the ring stage in CDM-C16alone. The severe down-regulation of copper-binding proteins of the parasite cultured in CDM-C16alone is considered to affect copper pathways and trafficking; this maybe involved in the perturbation of copper homeostasis and developmental arrest of the parasite, similar to the growth arrest seen with TTM and Neocuproine.