0001). A similar pattern emerged for plasma

FFA concentration (Fig. 1B). Fasting FFA levels were comparable between lean and MHO patients (406 ± 47 versus 324 ± 25 μmol/L, respectively; P = 0.36). Despite increasing plasma http://www.selleckchem.com/products/epz-6438.html insulin concentration, there was a progressive increase in fasting plasma FFA concentration from Q1 to Q4 (436 ± 28 μmol/L [36% increase] to 718 ± 29 μmol/L [220% increase]; Q4 versus MHO; P < 0.0001). Postprandial FFA suppression during the OGTT was only slightly and nonsignificantly lower (i.e., worse) in MHO versus lean subjects (84% ± 2% versus 74% ± 5%, respectively; nonsignificant). Consistent with the fasting state, resistance to insulin's inhibitory effect on lipolysis was also evident in the postprandial state in Q1-Q4, being only 62% ± 3% in Q4 versus 74% ± 5% in MHO patients (P < 0.0001). Plasma AST (Fig. 2A) and ALT (Fig. 2B) were similar among lean

and MHO patients, but significantly higher in patients with NAFLD. They rapidly increased in Q1 by ∼1.5- to 2.0-fold (P < 0.05 versus lean and MHO). The percentage of patients with normal (arbitrarily <40 IU/L) aminotransferases decreased with worsening adipose tissue IR. Though all lean and MHO patients had normal AST/ALT, patients with normal AST/ALT decreased from 81/47% in Q1 to 51/16% in AZD2014 Q4 (Q4; P < 0.0001 versus MHO). Lean and obese insulin-sensitive subjects had a similar plasma lipid profile (Table 1; Fig. 3). Dysfunctional adipose tissue had no effect on total cholesterol (Fig. 3A) or LDL-C (Fig. 3B). However, HDL-C (Fig. 3C) decreased significantly by 20% in Q1 versus MHO patients (P < 0.01) and was most pronounced at Q4: 34 ± 1 (P < 0.001 versus MHO). Plasma TG increased in a similar pattern, even with mild click here adipose tissue IR (Q1 versus MHO: 92 ± 10 versus 158 ± 19; P = 0.05), and paralleled the worsening of adipose tissue IR (P < 0.001 versus MHO). MHO versus lean subjects showed a trend for decreased liver (Fig. 4A) and muscle (Fig. 4B) insulin sensitivity, although this

difference did not reach statistical significance (Table 1). There was ∼40%-50% worsening of HIRi between lean and MHO subjects versus Q1 and Q2 (P = 0.11), suggesting that hepatic IR develops even with a mild (Q1) to moderate (Q2) deterioration in adipose tissue insulin sensitivity (Fig. 4A). This was even more evident for Q3 and Q4, although liver fat remained constant (Q3) or was only slightly higher (Q4). As for skeletal muscle (Fig. 4B), there was an abrupt early-on decline in insulin action (Q1-Q3: −40%-50%; P < 0.001), with a further reduction to 62% in Q4 patients (P < 0.0001 versus MHO). There was a close relationship between adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle IR. The liver had the strongest correlation with adipose tissue IR (r = 0.59, P < 0.0001; Fig. 5A), indicative of the deleterious effect of dysfunctional fat on hepatic metabolism. Skeletal muscle was also significantly affected (Fig.