017). This effect was independent of reported depression or drug/alcohol abuse although using neuroticism in the analysis as covariant slightly decreased this association (p = 0.027, permutated p = 0.052). These results suggest a significant effect of CNR1 on migraine headaches that might be related to the alteration of peripheral trigeminovascular activation. In addition, this is the first study to demonstrate the effectiveness of using trait components combinations to define

extreme phenotypes with haplotype analysis in genetic association studies for migraine. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the role of CNR1 and the cannabinoid system in migraine. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland SRT1720 ic50 Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In this study, we examined the changes in gene expression in the mouse cortex following chronic stress and behavioral tests. Mice were subjected to immobilization stress for 2 h per day for 15 consecutive days and the behavior of the mice was examined. The mice in the experimental group were more anxious and depressive than the control mice. The expression of mRNA in the cortex was analyzed by microarray analysis and 63 genes were found to show a greater than twofold change in expression between the control and experimental groups.

Transthyretin was further investigated Veliparib in vivo because its expression showed the greatest fold change. Transthyretin mRNA expression decreased in a chronic stress-specific manner, and protein levels were reduced in the cortex but not in the choroid plexus. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The enteric nervous system maturation occurs during embryonic life and continues after birth. Some prenatal events on the digestive tract such as intestinal atresia have been shown to dramatically alter this maturation. Thus, we developed a fetal rat model of intestinal atresia by surgically obstructing the small bowel at embryonic day E18. Fetuses were removed at day E21, and small bowels sections were examined by immuno-histochemistry. VX-770 clinical trial Synaptophysin and smooth muscle actin staining was used to define the cellular aspect. Labeling revealed marked alterations

of the myenteric plexus in the lower extremity of the occluded small bowel. At day E21, the myenteric plexus of the lower part and the 2 muscle layers surrounding it, retained the staining pattern observed at day E17. This cellular pattern was classified as: immature (aspect at day E17) vs. mature (aspect of day E21) by 3 pathologists not familiar with the study. The number of samples with an immature cellular pattern at the lower end of the occluded bowel was different from that observed for the upper end (Mac Nemar test, p < 0.008). Our study suggests that a prenatal obstruction induces a maturation delay of the myenteric plexus downstream of the obstruction. This might be important for pediatric purposes. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.