05). Meanwhile, both BisCem resin cement groups showed statistically significant higher mean silver penetration percentages next compared to the RelyX and Calibra groups, with no significant difference being demonstrated between the latter two groups (Table 2 and Figure 1). Figure 1. Means of silver penetration values in all subgroups. Table 2. Means and standard deviations of silver nitrate percentages of all tested thermocycled and non-thermocycled resin cements. Figures 2�C7 represent SEM micrographs along with their corresponding EDAX spectrum. In each of the micrographs, many shiny spots were observed. These spots, however, did not correspond with increased silver percentages when analyzed using EDAX. In fact, these shiny areas were found to be completely free of silver and were comprised only of silica and calcium.

The ultrastructure of Calibra resin cement (Figures 2 and and3)3) generally showed a distinctive hybrid layer with long resin tag formation, while in the RelyX group (Figures 4 and and5),5), shorter resin tags were observed. In the case of the BisCem group, the scanning micrographs (Figures 6 and and7)7) showed an absence of resin tag formation. Dark areas were present in Figures 4�C7, which appeared to be gaps formed at the interface between dentin and the ceramic surface. These gaps were present when the specimens were observed using the large field laser beam. However, when using the backscattered beam (Figure 8), it became apparent that these dark areas were filled with the adhesive, confirming that no gap was present. Figure 2. a.

SEM micrograph of non-thermocycled Calibra Resin Cement and b. its corresponding EDAX spectrum curve at one point along the tooth/restoration interface. Figure 3. a. SEM micrograph of thermocycled Calibra Resin Cement and b. its corresponding EDAX spectrum curve at one point along the tooth/restoration interface. Figure 4. a. SEM micrograph of non-thermocycled RelyX Resin Cement and b. its corresponding EDAX spectrum curve at one point along the tooth/restoration interface. N.B. The arrow points to the adhesive layer. Figure 5. a. SEM micrograph of thermocycled RelyX Resin Cement and b. its corresponding EDAX spectrum curve at one point along the tooth/restoration interface. N.B. The arrow points to the adhesive layer. Figure 6. a. SEM micrograph of non-thermocycled BisCem Resin Cement and b.

its corresponding EDAX spectrum curve at one point along the tooth/restoration interface. N.B. The arrow points to the adhesive layer. Figure 7. a. SEM micrograph of thermocycled BisCem Resin Cement and b. its corresponding EDAX spectrum curve at one point Carfilzomib along the tooth/restoration interface. N.B. The arrow points to the adhesive layer. Figure 8. SEM micrograph of non-thermocycled RelyX Resin Cement, using backscattered beam to confirm the presence of the adhesive layer, which appeared as a gap when a large field laser beam was used.