, 1996); a kallikrein-like enzyme ( Giovanni-De-Simone et al., 1997); a β-galactoside binding lectin

( Giovanni-De-Simone et al., 2006) and also the expression of vascular apoptosis protein (VAP)-like metalloprotease from venom gland ( Tavares et al., 2008), but there have been no reports on the purification of PLA2 from this source. In this paper, we described the purification of the first PLA2 from the L. muta rhombeata venom. The www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD6244.html isolated protein, now named L. muta rhombeata toxin (LmrTX), was able to prolong thrombosis time in a photochemically induced arterial thrombosis in mice, induced anticoagulant activity in vitro and ex vivo and reduced platelet aggregation in the presence of ADP and thrombin. LmrTX was purified through an experimental protocol that combined gel filtration and Reverse-phase HPLC chromatographies. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain and a molecular mass of 14277.50 Da. PLA2 from L muta rhombeata (LmrTX) shows three regions that retain a significant degree of similarity between group II PLA2, including the N-terminal region (forming the hydrophobic channel), the regions of the active site (formed by H48, D49, Y52 and D89) and binding of calcium (formed by Y27, G29, G31 and G32). The regions displaying a lower degree of amino acid homology correspond to structurally Alectinib less conserved elements, and are likely determinants of the diverse

pharmacology effects exhibited by venom PLA2s ( Arni and Ward, 1996). The LmrTX sequence returns high homology with the sequence of a phospholipase A2 present in the venom of C. durissus terrificus (crotoxin basic chain) (PA2B_CRODU Accession Number P62022) and L. muta muta (LmTX-I and LmTX-II) (PA2T1_LACMU Accession Number P0C942; PA2T2_ LACMU Accession number P0C943). It Etomidate is not surprising that LmrTX has a high degree of structural identity with LmTX-I and LmTX-II, since L. muta rhombeata and L. muta muta are closely related

subspecies. Zamudio and Greene (1997), used mitochondrial genes determinate, that these are, in fact, two subspecies closely related; especially between L. muta rhombeata and populations of L. muta muta from southern regions of its distribution (e.g. Mato Grosso, Brazil). These authors also point it out that the speciation process between this two subspecies it is a recently event (300–800 thousand years ago). Interestingly, it was found that the positively selection evolution process for the PLA2 family from venoms of Crotalinae subfamily take, at least 300 thousand years ( Gibbs and Rossiter, 2008). Therefore, the higher degree of structural identity between these proteins it is an expected phenomena. Nevertheless, LmrTX show biochemical and structural differences with LmTX-I and LmTX-II from L. muta muta ( Damico et al., 2005). As presented in our results LmrTX has a shorter retention time at similar conditions on HPLC-RP (21 min) compare with the two PLA2 isoforms (≥24 min) purified from L. muta muta.