, 2010 and Hammes and

Schmid, 2009). Highly weathered soils, which account for approximately 10% of Taiwan, are some of the most common types of agricultural soils in Taiwan. Quisinostat This is particularly true in northern Taiwan (a subtropical climate), an area of rice and tea production, and in southern Taiwan (a tropical climate), an area of rice and pineapple production. Under humid subtropical and tropical climates, highly weathered soils with intensive cultivation are characterized by a very low pH (≤ 5.0), and low soil organic matter (≤ 1%), CEC, and base saturation percentage (BS). Huang (1986), Lin and Hung (2000), and Lin (2002) studied the soil erosion rates of highly weathered soils in Taiwan, and indicated that the soils have moderate to serious soil Galunisertib supplier losses ranging from 10 to 280 tons ha− 1 yr− 1. Similar climates and soil degradation problems appear in Trinidad and Tobago (Wuddivira and Camps-Roach, 2007 and Wuddivira et al., 2009), where the most critical factors influencing the degradation are SOM content and soil aggregation stability. Previous studies on amending soils with biochar typically focused on restoring soil fertility and crop production. Few studies have discussed the influences of biochar on the physical

properties of soil and erodibility in highly weathered soils. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the effects of wood biochar on the physical properties and erosion potential of highly weathered soils, and (2) to assess the relationships between soil properties and soil erosion potential. Soil samples (0–25 cm) were collected from a terrace located at field erosion Casein kinase 1 experimental plots at the National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, southern Taiwan (about E 120°37′11″; N 22°38′54″). The soil was classified as a Typic Paleudults based on Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff, 2010). Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is the dominant crop on this terrace. The biochar used in this study was supplied by Taiwan Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) and was produced from the wood of white

lead trees (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit). The waste wood of the white lead trees, which are commonly invasive plants, was collected from a clearcutting program in Kenting National Park, southern Taiwan. The biochar was produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 °C based on the recommendation of Lehmann (2007). After pyrolysis, the biochar was ground to pass through a 2 mm sieve to ensure that all biochar had the similar particle size in subsequent experiments. Incubation experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar on the physiochemical properties of soil. Fifteen kg samples of the study soils were placed in plastic pots (measuring approximately 30 cm in width and 40 cm in depth) and then mixed with biochar at three application rates (0%, 2.5% and 5% (w/w)).