[26] Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens were cut

at 5 μm thickness, then subjected to HE and KB staining as routine procedures. Adjacent serial sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry BMN 673 purchase for a panel of primary antibodies shown in Table 2. Deparaffinized sections were subjected to antigen retrieval procedure if needed before incubation with 3% H2O2 diluted in distilled water for 30 min followed by appropriate blocking solutions. Sections were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C, followed by incubation with goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins conjugated to peroxidase labeled-dextran polymer (EnVision + System-HRP, Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) for 45 min at 37°C. For NeuN immunostaining, the streptoavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method was employed. Immunoreaction was visualized by 3–3′diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB, Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Immunostaining with omission of primary antibodies was used as a negative control. In all d-HS autopsy cases, neurons in CA1-subiculum

were constantly depleted and other sectors and dentate gyrus were relatively well preserved. In one case (case 7), severe neuronal loss and gliosis were also observed in all other sectors of the hippocampus Erismodegib purchase and the dentate gyrus in addition to the lesion in the CA1-subiculum. Lesions were found unilaterally (on the left side) in four cases and bilaterally in three cases. Reactive astrocytes had eosinophilic plump cytoplasms and processes that were immunoreactive for GFAP but not vimentin. Six of seven cases had severe Alzheimer-type pathology[27, 28] (NFTs and senile plaques of both diffuse and neuritic-types) with or without cerebral amyloid angiopathy of varying Monoiodotyrosine severity,[29] and concomitant TAR DNA 43

(TDP-43) proteinopathy (Table 3). One case (case 6) had frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology. TDP-43 pathology was observed in all cases except case 3 and characterized by scattered neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) that are immunoreactive for ubiquitin, TDP-43 and phospho TDP-43, along with loss of normal nuclear labelling with TDP-43 in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, and TDP-43/phospho TDP-43 immunoreactive NCIs of larger size in the remaining neurons with a small number of TDP-43-positive putative dystrophic neurites and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in the regions of CA1, subiculum and parahippocampal cortex as well as amygdala (Fig. 3).