A.B.). EPZ-5676 purchase Supplemental material for this article can be found at http://ajp.amjpathol.org or at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.06.016. Supplementary data Supplemental Figure S1: WT mice are injected with control or anti-CD3 antibody and sacrificed after 3 hours. A: WB of SB epithelial cell lysates reveals an increase in levels of nitrotyrosine phosphorylated proteins, which is confirmed by densitometry. B: Densitometry measurements are made for caspases 3 and 9 from WB data shown in Figure 1C. The average fold changes from three independent experiments are shown relative to untreated WT mice and normalized to actin protein levels. Click here to view.(86K, pdf) Supplemental Figure S2: Untreated and anti-TNF 24-hour pretreated WT mice are stimulated with anti-CD3, and the apoptotic index is determined 24 hours after T-cell activation by counting TUNEL-positive cells in the SB epithelium (A).

Cytokine induction in colon IECs is analyzed in both the IL-10?/? (B) and three-cycle DSS (C) chronic colitis models, with or without anti-TNF treatment, and compared with WT untreated mice. Click here to view.(15K, pdf)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases worldwide (1). Many locoregional therapeutic approaches, including surgical resection, radio-frequency ablation (RFA), percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI), and transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) have been applied in the search for curative treatments for HCC. Although current advances in therapeutic modalities have improved the prognosis of patients with HCC, the survival rate is still unsatisfactory (2).

One reason for the poor prognosis is the high rate of recurrence after treatment (3�C5). Current therapeutic approaches do not prevent tumor recurrence efficiently. Patients with HCC demonstrate some dysfunctions in their immune system, including abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses (6). Therefore, one strategy to reduce tumor recurrence is to enhance antitumor immune responses that may induce sufficient inhibitory effects to prevent tumor cell growth and survival. Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells that play a central role in the immune system by initiating an antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response (7,8). DCs acquire antigens through endocytosis and phagocytosis in peripheral tissues in their immature state and become mature.

Subsequently, mature DCs migrate via blood and lymphatics to the secondary lymphoid organs, where they prime T cells. Due to their unique capacity to regulate T cell immunity, DCs are increasingly used as adjuvants for vaccination strategies. Recently, several studies have been performed using DC generated ex vivo from peripheral blood, and no significant Carfilzomib toxicities were observed in the majority of patients. In addition, induction or enhancement of cellular immune responses against tumor antigens was found after DC vaccination (9,10).