A consequence of the correlation of absolute and γ phase-related time scales of spikes is that the distance traveled from the beginning of the place field can be instantly inferred from the γ phase of the place cell spikes66,120,122,123 (Figure 5). Figure 5. Multiple

temporal representations in the hippocampus. Two CA1 pyramidal cells (green and blue) with overlapping place field representations on a linear track (black). It takes several seconds for the animal to pass from the peak (dashed line) of place … The within-γ cycle time lags between place neurons are largely responsible for determining the globally coherent γ oscillation in the hippocampal system.31 -121,124,125 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical An important corollary of the relation between different time scales is that place cells continue Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to represent the same positions and distances in the same environment even when the running speed of the rat varies,126,127 since the oscillation frequency of place cells increases in proportion to the velocity.127,128 Another ramification is that the natural upper limit of distance coding by γ-scale time lags (~50cm for neurons in the dorsal hippocampus)120,123

is limited by the duration of the γ cycle (120-150 msec in the rat). Objects and locations > 50 cm ahead of the rat are initially Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical less distinguishable on this neuronal spike-timing map from more distant landmarks, but as the animal approaches, they are progressively better resolved by the interleaved

cell assemblies. The within-θ cycle temporal lags between neurons limit how many cell assemblies can nest in a given θ period (7 to 9, as reflected by the number of γ cycles per θ cycle).12,14,51,63,129 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Because of this temporal limitation, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the hippocampus functions as a “spatial zoom” device, so that distance resolution scales with the size of the environment; place fields are small in small enclosures and large in large environments, appropriately scaling to the information at hand.128,130,131 Assuming that place locations can be regarded as analogues to other discrete items,51,120 the temporal compression mechanism is then a limiting factor of the “register capacity” of the memory “buffer.” 51,65,110,132 Recall from AP24534 datasheet long-term isothipendyl episodic memory can enter conscious working memory in “chunks” of 7±2 items at a time in such a way that the spatiotemporal resolution of events near to the recalled event is higher than the resolution for the far past or far future, relative to the recalled event.51,128 Only by moving the content of recall forward in perceived time, do subsequent events emerge with high contextual resolution.120 The within-θ cycle delays between place cells are secured by perisomatic inhibition.127,133 As a result of this cycle-based organization, almost the entire phase space of the θ cycle is utilized, by the firing of neurons representing, past, present and future places (Figure 5).