A drastic change in ganglioside expression in cancer versus normal cells has also been reported; in this context new lung cancer and melanoma trial therapies have used anti-GM2 or anti-GM3 antibodies ( Grant et al., 1999 and Livingston et al., 1994); besides, antibodies against GD2 ganglioside have been used in trial RG7422 supplier for patient with neuroblastoma ( Cheung et al., 1994).

It has also been suggested the involvement of lipid rafts in the cellular internalization of chemotherapeutic drugs like paclitaxel (Kojic et al., 2008). Plasma membrane plays an important role in the regulation of not only cell death, but also a number of other important cellular responses involving receptor signaling. More recent findings suggest that modulations of plasma membrane characteristics may have important implication for health and disease. Further studies elucidating chemical- and diet- induced plasma membrane remodeling may therefore help understanding the pathogenesis of www.selleckchem.com/products/atezolizumab.html major diseases, and to develop new therapeutic strategies. None. This study was financially supported by the French Ministry of Research, the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Egide (AURORA program), IREB, Région Bretagne, Rennes Métropole, and the Association for Research on Cancer. We wish to thank Laurence Huc and Morgane Gorria for fruitful discussions. “
“Bracken fern (genus Pteridium)

is a ubiquitous plant known to cause toxicity syndromes in herbivores and cancer in animals and humans ( Gil da Costa et al., 2012a and Vetter, 2009). Nevertheless, humans have used its crosiers and rhizomes as food in some regions of the world such as Brazil and Japan ( Kamiyama et al., 1986, Shahin et al., 1999 and Ulian et al., 2010), and this feeding pattern has already been associated with a greater prevalence of certain types of cancers (e.g., esophageal, gastric) ( Abnet, 2007 and Sugimura, 2000). Similarly, concerns exist regarding the indirect consumption of bracken’s toxins through consumption of milk from livestock Carbohydrate that have

fed on the plant ( Alonso-Amelot and Avendano, 2002 and Shahin et al., 1999). Environmental contamination could also be a problem, as has already been demonstrated for ptaquiloside in soil and water ( Rasmussen et al., 2003). In fact, epidemiologic studies have attributed high rates of stomach cancer to people living in areas infested by bracken fern, for example, in the highlands of western Venezuela ( Alonso-Amelot and Avendano, 2001) and in Gwynedd, North Wales ( Galpin et al., 1990). More recently, meat was identified as another potential source of intoxication, as bracken toxins were detected in the skeletal muscle and liver of cattle fifteen days after bracken consumption had ended ( Fletcher et al., 2011). The main toxic agent found in P. aquilinum is ptaquiloside, which has been proven to be responsible for carcinogenic effects and a number of well-recognized toxicity syndromes in herbivores ( Yamada et al., 2007).