Also, it is not clarified, whether an enclosure, similar to the mesh bag used in the ICH trial, is necessary for intraventricular or intracerebral implantation. It might be safe and effective to inject the cell capsules without such containment. However, to validate this application, additional prelearn more Clinical work addressing mainly acute and chronic safety issues is required. Outlook While encapsulated cell biodelivery has a reasonable perspective Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for a clinical application in traumatic brain injury, the translation of the existing findings requires extensive additional experimental studies. Selected abbreviations and acronyms ESC embryonic

stem cell NSC neural stem cell GLP Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical glucagon-like peptide MSC mesenchymal stem cell hMSC human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells CCI controlled cortical impact MAP microtubule-associated protein GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces clinical problems and care needs that are intrinsically

and unavoidably neuropsychiatric during both the early and late post-injury periods. In the acute injury period, cognitive impairments are nearly universal,1-5 and are frequently accompanied by disturbances of emotion, behavior, and/or sensorimotor function.1-10 Neurotraumainduced Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neuropsychiatric disturbances are especially prominent, among individuals who are hospitalized after TBI7-11 and, in this subpopulation, often become chronic conditions.12,17 The neuropsychiatric consequences Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of TBI contribute substantially to post-injury disability,16-18 and diminish the quality of life experienced by persons with TBI and their families.17,19-21 We suggested elsewhere6,22 that, adverse short- and long-term TBI outcomes might be mitigated most effectively by initiating neuropsychiatric evaluation and management, of persons with TBI during the early post-injury (ie,

the neurocritical care and inpatient rehabilitation) periods. Although the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hypotheses borne of this suggestion remain incompletely tested, a complementary literature supports the potential benefits of early neuropsychiatric intervention provided over to patients engaged in acute neurorehabilitation after TBI.8,23-25 Accordingly, developing further the neuropsychiatric expertise of physicians and other specialists providing care to persons with TBI in such settings is an important, objective. Toward that end, this article addresses the evaluation and management of neuropsychiatric disturbances among persons receiving rehabilitation after TBI. Clinical case definitions of TBI are described first. The differential diagnoses of event-related disturbances of neuropsychiatric function arc considered, after which the clinical and neurobiological heterogeneity of TBI are discussed.