Although exercise intervention in treating drug addiction has been widely recognized and used in human rehabilitation, the sex differences in exercise intervention’s effect on drug compound screening assay addiction and rehabilitation are understudied. One of

the main reasons is that much of the animal studies were performed on one gender, particularly male. As a recent article published in Nature by Pollitzer 123 indicated, sex differences exist not only in basic cell biology, but also in clinical research including drug effectiveness and side effects. While the majority of animal studies used male subjects exclusively, the outcome from those animal studies may influence the future translational approaches in human studies since the gender differences were not specified. In this review, we first discussed sex differences in various drug addictions in two major animal models: SA and CPP paradigms. Then, we discussed the different effects of active and passive exercises learn more on drug rehabilitation on male and female animals. Lastly, we specifically summarized the preventive and therapeutic effects of exercise on drug addiction in male

and female animals. Indeed, to further understand the sex differences in drug addiction and exercise intervention, more studies on the neurobiological mechanisms of exercise and its roles in preventing and treating drug addiction are needed. This work was supported by grants from the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (NO. 13490503600) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 31171004). “
“It is anticipated that there will be almost 89 million people 65 years old or above by the year 2050.1 As the number of elderly people worldwide increases,2 interest in health related outcomes of aging has concurrently increased. It has been suggested that an age-associated decline in physical function, next cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle

mass may accelerate the physiological decline in later decades of life3 and lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality rates.2 and 4 Women are of particular interest due to some gender differences accompanying aging, particularly as a result of menopause. Physiological decline, particularly a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) can be attributed to estrogen deficiency as a result of menopause.5 Reductions in BMD put older women at risk for osteoporosis which can lead to balance and gait issues, a higher risk of injury, subsequent financial costs,6 and even a higher risk of mortality.2 More so, a decrease in muscle strength in combination with reduced BMD can further impair balance and mobility, leading to a decline in functional capacity.7 Thus, it becomes apparent of the need for resistance training to attenuate the decline in lean mass, muscle mass, and BMD that accompany aging and inactivity.