(c) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3138810]“
“This review will discuss the use of peripheral nerve blocks of the head and neck and its application to the practice of pediatric anesthesia using simple, landmark based approaches.”
“Background: The production ban of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) technical mixtures has left the erroneous impression that PCBs exist only as legacy pollutants. Some lower-chlorinated PCBs are still being produced and contaminate both indoor and ambient air.
Objectives: To inform PCB risk assessment, we characterized lung uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of
PCB11 as a signature compound for these GW786034 in vitro airborne non-legacy PCBs.
Methods: After delivering [C-14]PCB11 to the lungs of male rats, radioactivity in 34 major tissues and 5 digestive matter compartments was measured at 12, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 720 min postexposure, during which time the excreta and exhaled air were also collected. [C-14]PCB11 and metabolites in lung, liver, blood, digestive matter, urine, feces, and adipose tissues were extracted separately to establish the metabolic profile of the disposition.
Results: Vactosertib price [C-14]PCB11 was distributed rapidly to all tissues after 99.8% pulmonary uptake and quickly underwent extensive metabolism. The major tissue deposition of [C-14]PCB11 and metabolites translocated from liver, blood and muscle to skin and adipose tissue 200 min postexposure, while over 50%
of administered dose was discharged via urine and feces within 12 h. Elimination selleckchem of the [C-14]PCB11 and metabolites consisted of an initial fast phase (t(1/2) = 9-33 min) and a slower clearance phase to low concentrations. Phase II metabolites dominated in liver blood and excreta after 25 min postexposure.
Conclusions: This study shows that PCB11 is completely absorbed after inhalation exposure and is rapidly
eliminated from most tissues. Phase II metabolites dominated with a slower elimination rate than the PCB11 or phase I metabolites and thus can best serve as urine biomarkers of exposure. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Reward-predictive cues are important to guide behavioral responding. In a series of experiments, we sought to characterize the role of dopamine in the dorsomedial striatum in modulation of reward-directed responding by visual cues. Different groups of rats subjected to infusion of 6-hydroxydopamine or vehicle into the posterior part of the dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) were tested in three experiments. In experiment 1, rats were examined in an operant task demanding a lever release response. In intact rats, reaction times of responding were reliably shorter on cued large reward trials than on cued small reward trials. Results showed that pDMS dopamine depletion impaired reward-dependent modulation of reaction times, if visual cues predict large versus small reward, but not if visual cues predict reward versus no reward.