C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River. DAP12-deficient mice (Tyrobp−/−) were backcrossed 12 generations against C57BL/6 mice 34. DAP12/FcRγ-deficient mice were generated by crossing these DAP12-deficient www.selleckchem.com/products/Erlotinib-Hydrochloride.html mice with FcRγ-deficient mice generated with C57BL/6 ES cells (FcεR1γ−/−), provided by Dr. Takashi Saito (RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan) 45. TREM-2-deficient mice were provided by Dr. Marco Colonna (Washington University, St. Louis, USA) 16. All mice were housed

in specific-pathogen-free barrier animal facilities. All experiments were performed under an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)-approved protocol. The following Abs were used: anti-FcγRII/III (2.4G2), anti-CD11c (N418), anti-I-Ab (M5/114.15.2), anti-CD86 (GL-1), anti-TREM-2 (78.18) 46,

anti-IL12 p40 (C17.8), anti-TNF-α (MP6-XT22), PE-conjugated Streptavidin (eBioscience) and PE-conjugated anti-human IgG Fc (Jackson ImmunoResearch). TREM-1-Fc and TREM-2-Fc proteins were kindly provided by Dr. J. P. Houchins (R&D Systems). Recombinant murine (rm) GM-CSF was purchased from Peprotech. check details LPS (List Biological Laboratories), CpG DNA (ODN1826; Invivogen) and Zymosan (SIGMA-Aldrich) were used to stimulate BMDCs. DC medium consisted of RPMI 1640 (Hyclone) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma), 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco), 1 mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 0.1 mM nonessential amino acid (Gibco), 10 mM HEPES (Lonza), Penicillin/Streptomycin (Gibco), Teicoplanin and 10 ng/ml GM-CSF (Peprotech). In brief, we took BM cells from femurs and tibias and lysed red blood cells by using ACK buffer (Lonza). The BM cells were plated into 10 cm Petri dish (5 per mouse) using 10 mL of DC

medium in 37°C CO2 incubator. After 2 days of culture, we added 10 mL of DC medium and cultured for 3 days, and then changed half the volume of the culture medium to fresh DC medium. At day 6, we collected the cultured cells and in some cases purified CD11c+ cells by MACS. For MACS sorting, GM-CSF-cultured cells were blocked with 2.4G2 in MACS buffer (1% FBS/15% Cell Dissociation Buffer/PBS) and then stained with anti-CD11c microbeads (N418; Miltenyi Biotech). After washing, the prepared cells were sorted according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The purity of CD11c positive cells was more than 95% for all genotypes. CD11c+ BMDCs were suspended in FACS buffer (1% FBS/0.05% Sodium Azide/PBS), FcR blocked with 2.4G2 for 15 min, then incubated with Abs as indicated in text. After 30 min incubation on ice, cells were washed with FACS buffer, and analyzed on a FACSCalibur (BD Bioscience) and FlowJo software (TreeStar). For intracellular cytokine staining, we added Golgiplug (BD Bioscience) for the last 2 h of culture. Cultured cells were fixed and permeabilized using BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Fixation/Permeabilization Kit (BD Bioscience) according to the manufacturer’s protocol.