e. food and pharmaceuticals, and crystallization, where baffles can disturb particle growth, unbaffled vessels are preferred. One method of agitation in unbaffled vessels is an impeller that periodically changes either the direction or rate of rotation: so-called unsteady rotation. For use in an enhanced agitation vessel, an agitation technology using an unsteady forward-reverse rotating impeller in an unbaffled vessel was investigated. Such unsteady agitation is expected to enhance mixing. However, knowledge of the liquid

flows in such an apparatus remains elusive. Thus an aim of this work was to characterize the circulation flow in such a system. Circulation by a disk turbine impeller with six flat blades was studied through examination of tracer particle trajectories. Images showing SN-38 flow patterns with the forward-reverse rotating impeller resembled those obtained with a unidirectionally rotating impeller in a baffled vessel. The pattern was characterized by a circulation loop whose pathway exits from the impeller rotational region and returns to that region past the wall and bottom

of the vessel. Time-series particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) images obtained during one forward-reverse rotation of the impeller showed that the flow near the vessel wall reduced the periodic fluctuation downstream and that a flow that was almost independent of time was induced near the vessel bottom. For the flow from the bottom to the impeller, unsteadiness was provided by proximity to the impeller. Based on the intensity distribution this website of the unsteady flow produced by this type of forward-reverse rotating impeller within the vessel, the unsteady flow was shown to have the potential to reach the region near the vessel wall. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Background: Foam sclerosants are widely used in sclerotherapy and have been accepted

as more effective than the liquid form; however, there is no consensus about the most applicable and effective concentration.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological changes caused by various widely used concentrations of foam sclerosant

Methods: Fifty-six varicose vein segments of 5-10 mm diameter were gently resected and SRT2104 inhibitor exposed to various concentrations of foam sclerosant (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%) for 5 min, and were then prepared for routine histopathological examination. A total damage scoring system, including the presence of endothelial swelling, intimal thickening, cellular vacuolization in the muscle layer, edema in the tunica media and extent of necrosis, was established.

Results: The total damage score of the foam sclerosant groups was significantly higher than that of the control group (median 2.75 vs 1, p = 0.007). The highest damage score was achieved by 1% and 2% foam sclerosants (3.5 and 2.5).