For Bucladesine solubility dmso Reverse transcription 1 μg of total RNA from S. meliloti 1021 and tolC mutant strains, derived from three independent samples, was used. cDNA was synthesized using TaqManR Reverse Transcription Reagents (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Primers used to amplify selected S. meliloti genes (See Obeticholic Additional file
3: Table S3) were designed using Primer Express 3.0 software (Applied Biosystems). RT-PCR amplification mixtures used 400 ng of template cDNA, 2× SYBR Green PCR Master Mix and 0.4 mM of reverse and forward primers for each gene in a total volume of 25 μl. Reactions containing nuclease-free water instead of the reverse transcriptase were included as negative control. Reactions Daporinad cell line were performed using a model 7500 thermocycler (Applied Biosystems). The expression ratio of the target genes was determined relative to reference gene hemA, which showed no variation in the transcript abundance under the experimental conditions used here. Relative quantification of gene expression by real-time RT-PCR was determined by applying the ΔΔCt method [53]. Preparation of cell lysates and measuring enzymatic activities S. meliloti wild-type and tolC mutant cells were grown in GMS medium for 20 hours. Cells were harvested, washed and disrupted by sonication. The total protein concentration was
measured by the Bradford method [54]. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were determined using the method of Clare et al. [55].
Crude extract (20 μg) of each sample was loaded on a standard nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel and samples electrophoresed for 6 hours at 70 V. To measure catalase activity, the gel was soaked in 50 mg/ml of horseradish peroxidase in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, at room temperature for 45 min and rinsed twice with phosphate old buffer. The gel was then incubated with 5.0 mM H2O2 for 10 min then stained with 0.5 mg/ml diaminobenzidine in phosphate buffer. For superoxide dismutase measurement, the gel was soaked in the dark in 2.5 mM nitro blue tetrazolium with 3 mM H2O2 supplementation for 20 minutes. Gels were then incubated with 0.028 mM riboflavin and 2.8 mM TEMED in 36 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.8 for 20 minutes, followed by irradiation with visible light until achromatic bands appeared. Glutathione reductase (GR) activity was measured as described by Smith et al. [56] following the disappearance of NADPH spectrophotometrically at 340 nm (E = 6.2 mM-1 cm-1). The reaction mixture contained 400 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), 10 mM oxidized glutathione, 1 mM NADPH, 10 mM EDTA, 3 mM Dithionitrobenzoic acid and crude extract. Assessment of cells efflux activity Efflux activity was assayed by ethidium bromide agar screening [57]. Briefly, each S. meliloti culture was swabbed onto GMS plates containing ethidium bromide concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L.