Functional

find more assays were performed with fresh PBMCs isolated with a Ficoll gradient. A single experienced pathologist, blinded to the clinical and laboratory data, analyzed the liver biopsy specimens. Necroinflammation and fibrosis were assessed with the METAVIR score 55. Necroinflammation activity (A) was graded as A0 (absent), A1 (mild), A2 (moderate), or A3 (severe). Fibrosis stage (F) was scored as F0 (absent), F1 (portal fibrosis), F2 (portal fibrosis with few septa), F3 (septal fibrosis), and F4 (cirrhosis). Biopsy samples were collected in RPMI containing 10% FCS (Gibco) and antibiotics (Gibco) and stored at room temperature. Biopsy samples were passed through a 70-μm cell strainer (Falcon; Becton Dickinson) and used directly for functional assays or phenotyping. HCMV https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Gemcitabine-Hydrochloride(Gemzar).html IgG serology was determined with Abbott ARCHITECT Anti-Cytomegalovirus IgG Assays (Abbott). Serology for HCMV was lacking for five patients in the HBV-infected group. Cell-surface staining was performed with the appropriate combinations of the following antibodies: CD2-FITC, CD3-ECD, CD8-FITC, CD16-FITC, CD56-PC7, CD56-ECD, NKG2A-allophycocyanin (Z199), NKG2D-allophycocyanin, and NKp46-PE from Beckman Coulter; CD62L-allophycocyanin, CD94-FITC, CD161-FITC, ILT-2/CD85j-FITC, DNAM-1-FITC, and

CD57-FITC from Becton Dickinson; KIR2DL1-allophycocyanin, KIR3DL1-allophycocyanin, KIR2DS4-allophycocyanin, Siglec-9-allophycocyanin, and NKG2C-PE from R&D systems, and KIR2DL2/DL3-allophycocyanin DOK2 and NKp30-allophycocyanin

from Miltenyi Biotec. For intracellular staining, whole blood cells were fixed and the erythrocytes lysed (BD cell lysing solution; Becton Dickinson); cells were then permeabilized in PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA and 0.1% saponin, and stained with Granzyme-K-FITC from Santa Cruz, perforin-FITC Granzyme-A-FITC, and Granzyme-B-FITC from Becton Dickinson. Depending on the experiment, cells were acquired on a FACS Navios (Beckman Coulter) or a FACS Canto (Becton Dickinson). Flow cytometry data was analyzed using FlowJo software version 9. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole-blood samples with the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C alleles were then typed to the intermediate resolution level with standardized luminex assays (SSO Labtype; Ingen/One Lambda). When this resolution was not sufficient to determine whether the HLA-C was from group 1 or 2, HLA-C alleles were sequenced with the SBT kit (Aria Genetics). Sequences were read with a 3100 Genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems), with computer-assisted Conexio genomics software. KIR was genotyped with the KIR typing kit (Miltenyi Biotec). Freshly isolated PBMCs were incubated for 16 h in the presence of 10 ng/mL IL-12 and 100 ng/mL IL-18 at 37°C. Cells were thereafter stained for cell-surface markers including CD3, CD56, NKG2A, and NKG2C, fixed (BD Cell Fix; Becton Dickinson), permeabilized (PBS supplemented with 0.5% BSA and 0.