Here, we review recent studies in the monkey that have contributed to our understanding of the neuronal implementation of ECFs, with a focus on task-switching paradigms. These paradigms have revealed that ECFs are distributed Selleckchem Elafibranor across both the parietal and frontal lobes.”
“Women with temporal lobe epilepsy have a higher incidence of reproductive disorders, which have been linked to alterations in the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). These experiments tested the hypothesis that the number

of GnRH neurons is reduced in an animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The effects of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) and the subsequent spontaneous recurrent eizures on the number of GnRH-positive neurons were studied in adult female mice. Systemic injections of pilocarpine were used to induce SE, and diazepam was administered 90 min after the first seizure. Control mice received all drugs except pilocarpine. The mice were euthanized either 1 week or 3 months after SE (i.e. after spontaneous recurrent seizures were Liproxstatin-1 ic50 observed). Even though the estrous cycle was disrupted after SE, and hippocampal damage was detected in both the CA1 and CA3 regions, pilocarpine-treated mice did not show a significant decrease in total or regional numbers

of GnRH-immunopositive neurons. Therefore, these data do not support the hypothesis that a reduction in the number of GnRH neurons is responsible for the disruption of the estrous cycle after pilocarpine-induced epilepsy, which suggests that other mechanisms contribute to Phosphoglycerate kinase female reproductive disorders associated with chronic epilepsy. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published

by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The liver is the largest organ in the body, with many complex, essential functions, such as metabolism, deintoxication, and secretion, often regulated via post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation. Thus, the detection of phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites is important to comprehensively explore human liver biological function. The human Chang liver cell line is among the first derived from non-malignant tissue, and its phosphoproteome profile has never been globally analyzed. To develop the complete phosphoproteome and probe the roles of protein phosphorylation in normal human liver, we adopted a shotgun strategy based on strong cation exchange chromatograph, titanium dioxide and LC-MS/MS to isolate and identify phosphorylated proteins. Two types of MS approach, Q-TOF and IT, were used and compared to identify phosphosites from complex protein mixtures of these cells. A total of 1035 phosphorylation sites and 686 phosphorylated peptides were identified from 607 phosphoproteins. A search using the public database of PhosphoSite showed that approximately 344 phosphoproteins and 760 phosphorylation sites appeared to be novel.