In both cases, differences post-match did not reach A-1210477 supplier statistical significance. Other conflicting findings have been reported for these enzymes; no increase following exercise was found in the concentration of GPx [34–36], or SOD [35, 37, 38]. Clearly, these results are likely to depend on the time of sampling, the type of isoenzyme measured (in the case of SOD), the specific sample (plasma, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils), the kind

of exercise performed, as well as the duration and intensity of exercise, which varies considerably across studies. Furthermore, we found that SOD activity was closely associated with vitamin B6 levels, since players who did not meet with the recommended intake of vitamin B6 showed lower SOD activity immediately post-match. Similar findings were recently reported in rats who when fed with a B6-deficient diet MCC950 presented lower concentration of SOD activity in kidney [39].

A more pronounced decrease in SOD activity was earlier reported in rats fed a vitamin B6 deficient diet after exercise-induced oxidative stress [40]. Soccer has been described as an aerobic-anaerobic sport in which players’ movements can involve eccentric muscle contractions resulting in muscle fiber and therefore cell breakdown. Some markers, such as CK and LDH, have been used as a way to indicate the grade of cell damage, especially after playing a sport [6, 41–44], since microfiber breakdown releases cell content. HDAC inhibitor Thus, serum concentrations of skeletal muscle enzymes constitute a marker of the functional status of muscle tissue and varies widely in both pathological and physiological conditions. Thus, monitoring the concentrations of these markers can help to avoid tissue damage [45]. Although it

has long been recognized that there is a close association between dietary carbohydrate intake, muscle glycogen concentration and endurance capacity, these relationships with CK activity are still unknown. In this regard, our study demonstrates PD184352 (CI-1040) that higher carbohydrate intake is associated with a diminished serum concentration of CK and LDH at rest. Several studies have investigated the effect of carbohydrates on the physiological effect induced by exercise, mostly during recovery. For example, after eccentric exercise, no significant effects were found after consuming a higher proportion of carbohydrates [46]. However, muscle recovery cannot be evaluated by changes in serum CK concentrations, as there is no correlation between serum enzyme leakage and muscular performance impairment after exercise [47]. Nevertheless, total creatine kinase levels have been found to depend on age, gender, race, muscle mass, physical activity and climatic condition, and after exercise, CK activity in serum has been found to depend on the level of training [48].