In the first evaluation 7 days after cutting, the infested plants in the five- and ten-day exposure selleckchem Carfilzomib groups showed an average of 0.89 and 2.53 tillers, respectively. After five and ten days of exposure, the uninfested plants showed an average of 6.42 and 7.8 tillers, respectively. In the following evaluations, the number of tillers was maintained for plants exposed to insects for five or ten days (Figures 5(a) and 5(b)).Figure 5Number of tillers after the B. ruziziensis plants were cut and subjected to different levels of infestation by M. spectabilis adults over 5 (a) or 10 (b) days.The reduction in the number of tillers ranged from 67% to 90% over the three levels of infestation, regardless of the exposure time to the insect.
According to Val��rio [36], frequent attacks of spittlebug, combined with other factors, may reduce root-system volume and, thus, reduce the persistence of the grass. Our study supports this hypothesis, since we observed a reduction in the number of tillers in plants infested by M. spectabilis.According to L��pez et al. [15], after adult spittlebugs feed, chlorotic spots appear in the area around the feeding points and progress to form white or yellow stripes from the tip to the base of the leaf blade. In our study, the damages caused by M. spectabilis to the shoots were reflected in its root system and resulted in reduced regrowth. Val��rio [36] reported that plants of B. decumbens, susceptible to antibiosis by spittlebugs, did not exhibit regrowth after infestation with spittlebugs of the genus Mahanarva.
In more severe attacks, even the ��Marandu�� cultivar resistant to antibiosis by spittlebug nymphs showed only a small amount of recovery [36].The lowest density of M. spectabilis adults and the shortest exposure time, 12 adults over five days, were sufficient to cause damage and affect the development and persistence of B. ruziziensis plants, highlighting that the impact caused by adult spittlebugs in signal grass is very severe.Acknowledgments We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq, Brazil) and Funda??o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, Brazil) for supporting our research. By Dr. Rog��rio Resende Martins Ferreira and Dr. Sergio Lucio Freire for their suggestions in the editing English.
Work-related stress is one of the leading causes of workers’ ill health in developed countries [1], where it has considerable effects Brefeldin_A on sickness absence and disability [2]. Epidemiological investigations document significant associations of stressful work with coronary heart disease [3�C5], depression [6�C8], musculoskeletal disorders [9, 10], and other stress-related health problems [11]. In recent years, specific theoretical concepts and their measurement in terms of psychometrically validated standardized questionnaires has led to progress in identifying psychosocial working conditions that produce adverse health effects.