Mean normalised RTs for correct responses reported by block for each group are presented in Fig. 1. Analyses examined SLI-TD group differences in the RT difference between block 4 (sequence pattern) and block 5 (random pattern). selleck chemicals The dependent measure was computed as the difference in normalised RTs between blocks 4 and 5 (Thomas et al., 2004). One-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant effect of group [F(1,102) = 5.17, p = .026, partial η2 = .058], with an approximately medium effect size, indicating a larger RT difference between blocks 4 and 5 for the TD children than the children with SLI.

Moreover, one-way ANOVAs showed that the change in (normalised) RTs between blocks 4 and 5 was statistically significant (after correction for multiple comparisons) for the TD group [F(1,49) = 10.864, p = .004, partial η2 = .194], with a large effect size, but not the SLI group [F(1,49) = 1.118, p = .520, partial η2 = .029]. This indicates that the TD group http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd-166866.html but not the SLI group showed significant sequence learning. Finally, we performed additional analyses with the three composite scores of working memory covaried out, to test whether any dependence of the task on working memory might explain the observed SLI deficit. The one-way ANCOVA yielded significant group differences [F(1,99) = 4.56, p = .038, partial η2 = .052],

with a small effect size, due to a greater RT difference between blocks 4 and 5 for the TD than SLI children. We did not perform within-subject comparisons of blocks 4 and 5 (i.e., within the TD and SLI children) because the correlations between the three working memory covariates and the dependent RT variables (block 4, block 5, block 4–5 difference) were not significantly different from zero for either the TD children (Range of Pearson’s r values: −.038 to .143, all n.s. different from zero) or the children with SLI (−.207 to .275, again all n.s.). That is, working memory

was not significantly correlated with performance on the SRT task within each group. Thus, the SLI deficit at procedural learning was not explained Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase by working memory impairments. The next set of analyses examined the relationship between the different memory (sub)systems on the one hand, and grammatical and lexical abilities on the other. For working memory, we used the three composite scores described above, that is, composites for the subtests designed to assess the central executive, phonological loop, and visuo-spatial sketchpad. For declarative memory, we computed analogous composite measures: one from the z-scores of the verbal declarative memory subtests, and another for the visual declarative memory subtests. For procedural memory, we used the difference scores between blocks 4 and 5 described above. For lexical abilities, we computed a composite score by summing the z-scores of the expressive (EOWPVT) and receptive (ROWPVT) tests.