res threshold were set as 1 in our analysis. Then, we regrouped all the patients into 3 groups according to their MDR 1 e pression as up regulated, normal, and down regulated. Finally, we inputted the down regulated or up regulated patients ID with normal e pressed patients to select patient case set to analyze patient selleck chemicals Tofacitinib survival and free disease status data. The Kaplan Meier curves were drawn based on these analyses. Animal studies The in vivo studies were performed on nude mice to evaluate the drug effects on inhibition of tumor growth. 2 106 U87 cells were subcutaneously transplanted into the right and left flanks. Initial tumor growth was moni tored every 3 days. Drug administration was initiated when the tumors reached a size of 100 120 mm3.

Mice were regrouped into 5 groups of 6 mice each, without significant difference in tumor volume before drug treat ment. The mice were treated with either PBS as control, low dose of pitavastatin, low dose of irinote can, a combination of pitavastatin and irinotecan, or high dose of irinotecan. All drugs were injected i. p. in 200 ul of PBS, once per day, on a 5 days on, 2 days off schedule. Tumors size and mice weight were measured 2 times per week. All mice were sacrificed after tumor sizes reach over 1 cm in diameter in the control group. Tumor volumes were calculated as. After sacrifice, all tumors were disserted and weighted. The animal proto col was approved by UCSD Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Statistical analysis Activity against GBM cells was assessed by dividing the average number of viable cells by the average of three controls.

At a type I error rate of 0. 05, using a one sided t test, we calculated 80% power to evaluate whether a decrease in mean percent viable cells was significantly lower than 100%, if the observed mean percentage was 91. 4%. we conservatively assumed the standard deviation of the percent viable cells was 15%. For significant difference by t test, labeled at the bar graphs. To quantify the synergism of drug combinations, the drug combination inde was calculated as described by Chou. ED50, ED75 and ED90 were defined as the drug dose able to inhibit cell growth 50%, 75% and 90%, respectively, for pitavastatin alone, irinotecan alone and mi ture of two drugs. A CI 1 indicates synergy between the two drugs.

Results In vitro screening of drugs U87 studies The U87 in vitro cell culture platform was used to initially screen the NCC library of 446 small molecules. We cal culated percent cell viability as depicted in Figure 1A, and found that 22 drugs reduced viability to less than 50%. Figure 1B shows the specific cell viability for each of these 22 compounds. Brefeldin_A Homoharringtonine and selleckchem cerivastatin reduced survival to 10% percent or less, while 9 compounds reduced survival to less than 25%, 6 drugs reduced survival to less than 35%, and the remainder was associated with a survival of 35 50%. As single agents, all these 22 compounds are more effective in vitro than temozo