The giant noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus) constitutes fission-fusion societies whose members spread every day in multiple check details trees for shelter. To assess how the pattern of roosting use determines the potential for information exchange or disease spreading, we applied the framework of complex networks. We found a social and spatial segregation of the population in well-defined modules or compartments, formed by groups of bats sharing the same trees. Inside each module, we revealed an asymmetric use of trees by bats representative of a nested pattern. By applying a simple epidemiological model, we show that there is a strong correlation between network structure and

the rate and shape of infection dynamics. This modular structure slows down the spread of diseases and the exchange of information through the entire network. The implication for management is complex, affecting differently the cohesion LY3023414 nmr inside and among colonies and the transmission of parasites and diseases. Network analysis can hence be

applied to quantifying the conservation status of individual trees used by species depending on hollows for shelter.”
“Glass system with compositions xTiO(2).(60 – x)Bi2O3.40SiO(2) has been prepared by standard melt quench technique. The amorphous nature of the glass samples has been ascertained by the X-ray diffraction. It is observed that density and molar volume of the studied glasses decrease with increase in TiO2 content whereas the glass transition temperature shows the reverse trend; indicating the increase in selleck chemicals llc compactness of the glass structure with increase in TiO2 content. The Raman and FTIR studies reveal that on addition of TiO2, some of SiO4 tetrahedra units with three non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) per silicon are converted into Slat tetrahedral units with four NBO per silicon and number of network forming BiO3 pyramidal units goes on decreasing and no BiO3 pyramidal units are observed in glass composition with x = 20. Bismuth plays the role of network modifier with BiO6 octahedral units for all the studied glass compositions.

TiO2 acts as network former with TiO4 tetrahedral units in all the glass compositions having titanium besides acting as network modifier TiO6 octahedral units in glass compositions with x = 10, 15 and 20. However, the glass composition with x = 15 has maximum number of TiO4 structural units among all the studied glass compositions. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The liquidus projection of the U-rich corner of the B-Fe-U phase diagram is proposed based on X-ray powder diffraction measurements, differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy observations complemented with energy- and wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies. Two ternary reactions in this U-rich region were observed and their approximate temperatures were established.