The relationship between psychiatric disorders and sleep complaints Is bidirectional. In a community survey of 7954 people In different major US cities from 1981 to 1985, Ford and Kamerow reported that more subjects met the criteria for mental Illness among those with complaints of Insomnia (40%) or hypersomnia (46.5%), compared with subjects without any sleep complaints (16.4% ).3 In a study of 14 915 subjects from the UK, Germany, Italy, and Portugal, aged 15 to 100 years, Ohayon and Roth reported that 28% of subjects with insomnia had a current diagnosis of mental disorders, and 25.6% had a prior psychiatric history. In most cases of mood disorders, Insomnia appeared

prior to (~40%) or simultaneously with (~22%) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical mood disorder symptoms.4 However, when anxiety disorders were involved, Insomnia appeared at the same time (~38%) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or after (~34%) the onset of the anxiety disorder.4 In another study, 21% of Insomniacs had symptoms of major depression, while 13% had symptoms of generalized anxiety.5 Persistent childhood sleep problems can herald adult anxiety disorders. In Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a prospective longitudinal study of 943 children (52% male), Gregory et al6 found that persistent sleep problems in childhood predicted the development of anxiety disorders (odds ratio [OR] =1.60, 95% confidence Interval [CI] 1.05-2.45, P=0.030), but not depressive disorders

(OR=0.99, 95% CI 0.63-1.56, P=0.959), Afatinib during adult life.6 Our review will describe various psychiatric disorders, their associated sleep complaints, and polysomnographic findings. Mood (affective) disorders Mood disorders

are mental disorders characterized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by one or more episodes of depression or partial or full manic or hypomanic episodes. The spectrum of affective disorders includes major depressive disorder Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (MDD) (unipolar depression), bipolar disorder, cyclothymia (mild bipolar swings), or dysthymia (neurotic or reactive depression). A seasonal pattern Is common in patients with bipolar disorders, with onset of depressive episodes during the fall or winter, and remission during spring. The prevalence of winter-type seasonal crotamiton pattern Increases with higher latitudes. Seasonality is more frequently seen In younger individuals and In women. Major depressive episodes are associated with prominent anergy, hypersomnia, overeating, weight gain, and craving for carbohydrates.7 Approximately two-thirds of depressed patients complain of Insomnia (sleep-onset Insomnia, frequent awakenings, and early morning awakenings 2 to 4 hours earlier than desired, with difficulty returning to sleep), while 15% complain of hypersomnia.8,9 Women who are depressed are more likely to report Insomnia than men.10 Subjects with persistent Insomnia have a higher risk of developing new major depression (OR=39.8) compared with those whose insomnia symptoms resolve (OR=1.6).