The vesicle suspension was titrated potentiometrically with NaOH (0.1 M, pH 9.8) and the pH readings were carried out after a 5 min with a potentiometer (Digmed DM20), and simultaneously monitored by UV–Vis spectrum scanning from 700 to 400 nm, to evaluate the effect of pH on the chromic phase transition of the vesicles. LBH589 nmr HCl (0.1 M, pH

0.98) was also used to assess chromic response at pH values <4.0. The analyses were performed at 21 ± 2 °C. Solutions that simulate the concentration of some components of milk were added individually to the PCDA/DMPC vesicle suspension according to Table 1. The effect of each solution individually on vesicle chromism was monitored by UV–Vis scanning from 700 to 400 nm; at first, 5 min after the addition of solutions of the simulants; next, at intervals of two or four days for a period of 12 days, at 21 ± 2 °C. In the same away we also evaluated the effect of fat, obtained by centrifugation of raw milk, according to the method suggested by R-Biopharm

Rhône Ltd., and direct addition of UHT milk. The concentrations of the solutions that simulated the components of milk were generally prepared according to the theoretical concentrations (total average) suggested by Walstra, Wouters, and Geurts (2006): carbohydrates–lactose (4.9%); salt–Na (48 mg/100 g), K (143 mg/100 g), Ca (117 mg/100 g), Mg (11 mg/100 g), citrate (175 mg/100 g), proteins–casein (26 g/kg), β-lactoglobulin (3.2 g/kg) and α-lactalbumin (1.2 g/kg). In cases of colour change, from blue to red, the colorimetric response (CR) was calculated as a semi-quantitative selleck parameter of the change of chromic properties, according to the following equation (Okada, Peng, Spevak, & Charych, 1998): equation(1) CR(%)=100×Bo-B1Bowhere B C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) = (Ablue/(Ablue + Ared)); Ablue = absorbance at 640 nm and Ared = absorbance at 540 nm; Bo and Bi values calculated before and after colour change, respectively.

For all tests, a descriptive analysis was carried out for the behaviour of the samples. The experiments were prepared with at least three replicates. The PCDA/DMPC vesicles presented no colour transition, no aggregates formation and the same behaviour (spectrum indicative of the blue-phase PDA with an absorption maximum at ≈635 nm) when subjected to temperatures of 5, 12, 20 and 25 °C for a period of 60 days. However, storage at temperatures of 20 and 25 °C for 60 days led to change in the vesicles’ colour intensity, with absorbance values of approximately half those of their initial value (time 0). Possible changes in the vesicle structure, which were not sufficient to change colour from blue to red, promoted the decrease in blue colour intensity at 20 and 25 °C. These data indicate that the vesicles were stable for 60 days under storage at 5 and 12 °C. Fig. 1 represents the absorption spectrum obtained for storage at 25 °C to illustrate the behaviour exhibited by the vesicles during this evaluation.