This criterion was abandoned in 1990 [23] and [24]. Instead, the industry was given the responsibility to minimise any risk by addressing potential risks, assessing them and specifying acceptance criteria [23]. Models for assessing worst-case scenarios were developed and used routinely by the industry. Their purpose was to improve oil well dimensions and oil spill protection systems. The more recent model versions consider how a set of possible future oil spills may disperse (by simulating currents, winds, petroleum composition, volume of spill, etc.), together with their possible environmental impact (toxicity of oil, overlap with fish eggs and larvae,

seabirds, type of seashore it could hit) [25]. The Norwegian government decided in 2001 to develop an integrated

ecosystem-based Androgen Receptor Antagonist datasheet Management plan for the Barents Sea and the Lofoten area [26]. Environmental impact assessment and assessments of socioeconomic impacts were developed for all sectors of human use. The resulting Management plan aims to balance industry interests with environmental sustainability [19]. It was ratified in 2006 and updated in 2011, where part of these processes required public hearings. Three cross-sectoral forums were appointed to annually update status reports for the Management plan: the Management Forum for the Barents Sea–Lofoten Area, the Advisory Group on Monitoring, and the Forum on Environmental Risk Management. The members Erlotinib research buy Methocarbamol of the latter include state research institutes and directorates, representing various disciplines and industry sectors related to the Barents Sea and Lofoten area. Their mandate has been to work with risk issues associated with acute pollution in the Management plan area [27]. For example, as a consequence of the Deepwater Horizon blowout in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010, the forum was asked to evaluate the relevance of this blowout to the knowledge basis for establishing the worst-case scenario for the Lofoten area [28]. The cross-sectoral forums constitute arenas for discussing claims and methodological approaches that previously belonged within the domain of a single

sector. For instance risk assessments were previously the responsibility of the petroleum sector. The development of research projects has been another arena for contact between sectors. The Research Council of Norway has financed several projects on impacts of oil spills and produced water [29]. Some of these projects, and the others financed directly by oil companies, have focused on the refinement of impact assessments related to worst-case scenarios. Although cross-sector involvement increases mutual understanding, it has also led to some heated debates, as the above-cited newspaper headlines suggest. This paper presents some of these debates. This section presents key sources of uncertainty related to worst-case scenarios, their estimated probabilities and associated impacts concerning the Lofoten area.