72) between the hardness index of beans defined as the average lb force required for the blade of a Warner Bratzler shear press to shear through

the bean seeds and the optimal cooking Talazoparib mw time. However, this divergence in the results could be due to the difference in the cooking methods applied and also to the definition of CT, which in this study was defined by the MBC and in the work of those authors it was defined as the time at which the opaque whitish core of at least 90% of beans just disappeared. The results obtained by the Mattson Protocol do not seem to be good indicators of the bean hardness, although this method is one of the most reliable one to assess

bean cooking time in developing countries in order to select best lines in breeding programs. The Mattson Protocol differentiates fresh from aged grains based on CT, but it does not take into consideration changes in the texture of the grains, thus not providing a more comprehensive cooking quality of the grains. It only measures how easily the plungers break through the grain, however parenchyma cells may still be in clumps, creating a gritty and uncooked feeling when consumed (Yeung et al., 2009). Furthermore, other drawbacks of MBC are that it requires long Cyclopamine time of analysis and uninterrupted attention of the operator to observe the movement of the plungers as cooking progresses. The operator’s task may be tedious if grains cook slowly owing to unfavorable storage conditions or other factors. Furthermore, it is difficult to accurately record the count when several plungers drop simultaneously at a not automated MBC (Wang & Daun, 2005). Table 2 shows the hardness

values of FG and AG cooked according to different procedures. Hardness of FG was not significantly (p < 0.05) different among the three tests, since the time adopted was similar and not so long. Bean characteristics were also similar, with the grains presenting characteristics of slightly undercooked. RG7420 chemical structure In the case of AG the difference of CT influenced the results, especially for Test 2 and Test 4, which are the tests conducted with the beaker covered with watch glass. In boiling processes, such as cooking on a hotplate, bubbles of vapor are generated at the heated surface and rise through the mass of liquid. The vapor accumulates in a vapor space above the liquid level and is withdrawn, losing heat to the environment (Geankoplis, 1993). So, the process of cooking with the uncovered beaker requires the control of the water volume, by adding distilled water to compensate evaporations, but maintaining simmering (Romero Del Castillo, Costell, Plans, Simó, & Casañas, 2012).