); (8) dark green leafy vegetables; (9) mangoes, papayas, other vitamin A fruits; (10) other fruits; (11) pumpkin, carrots, squash (yellow or orange inside); (12) liver, kidney, heart, other organs; (13) fish or shellfish (fresh or dried); (14) food made from beans, peas, lentils, nuts; (15) oils, fats, butter, products made from PDK1 them; (16) cheese, yogurt, other milk products. Details about the DDS are presented elsewhere.19 Other feeding variables were frequency of feeding solid or semisolid food and breast feeding status. The preventive health service variables included:

BCG vaccination, DPT, hepatitis B, influenza, polio and measles vaccinations, iron supplementation, and use of drugs for intestinal parasites. The CCP score was created using the results of Principal Component Analysis.20–22 We employed the regression method, with component loadings adjusted to account for the correlations between variables, and used the oblique factor rotation procedure. Component extraction was based on eigenvalues >1, and four principal

components were extracted that explained 70% of the variance. No item had a loading less than 0.4.20 Therefore, all the items were used to create the composite care practices score, treated in subsequent analyses as a continuous variable. Other variables used in the analysis: maternal age, height, weight, number of antenatal care (ANC) visits education, occupation, anaemia level and parity; method of disposal of the youngest child’s stool; empowerment variables including women’s role in household decision-making, opinion regarding wife beating, and attitudes regarding sexual relations with husband; household-level variables including the number of children under 5 years in the household, Wealth Index (WI), urban/rural place of residence, source of drinking water, religion and type of toilet facilities; the child-level

variables sex and age (child’s age was transformed into age squared and included in regression analyses to account for non-linearity of the age variable.23 Some of the variables were recoded. Source of drinking water and toilet facilities were recoded according to the WHO and UNICEF24 recommended classifications: ‘improved’ Batimastat and ‘unimproved’ water and ‘improved’ and ‘unimproved’ sanitation facilities. The disposal of the youngest child’s stool was recoded into ‘appropriate’ and ‘inappropriate’ disposal methods. Maternal occupation was recoded into ‘white collar’ and ‘agriculture/labour’, and religion into ‘Christians’ and ‘other religions’. For the empowerment variables, three indices were created based on the DHS18 recommended procedure (participation in household decision-making, opinion regarding wife beating, and justified to refuse sexual intercourse with husband).