Most of the evidence codes used for AvrPtoB indicate experimental evidence for the assigned annotations, including IDA (inferred from selleck kinase inhibitor direct assay), IMP (inferred from mutant phenotype), and IPI (inferred from physical interaction). In contrast, the evidence code ISS (inferred from sequence or structural similarity) indicates that the annotation is based on similarity of the given gene product to an experimentally characterized homolog. Annotations made on the basis of sequence or structural similarity require that the ID of the protein from which

the annotation is inferred be included in the with/from column. Unlike AvrPtoB, for which the ISS code is used only once to capture its structural similarity to known E3 ubiquitin ligases (UniProt:

P62877, Q8VZ40), GO annotations for effectors in some other P. BIIB057 syringae strains rely more extensively on sequence similarity. In such cases where experimental evidence is lacking, sequence similarity to Pto DC3000 effectors can be used to guide GO annotation of those effectors. (Some important considerations relevant to propagating GO annotations based on sequence similarity are described in the following section.) When sequence similarity is absent, GO annotations can provide clues to candidate functions or biological processes in newly learn more identified gene products based on annotations previously made for other experimentally characterized gene products. For example, once a newly described gene product is found to be secreted and thus annotated to “”GO:0052049 interaction with host via protein secreted by type III secretion system”", other processes associated with this annotation in other experimentally characterized effectors become candidates for testing. These might include “”GO:0044412 growth or development of

symbiont within host”", “”GO:0034055 positive regulation by symbiont of host defense-related PCD”", or “”GO:0052034 negative regulation by symbiont of pathogen-associated (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate molecular pattern-induced host innate immunity”". Escherichia coli Like P. syringae, many strains of E. coli rely on effectors to establish a pathogenic relationship with their host and are the focus of intense interest owing to their ability to cause serious disease in humans. Numerous genomes have recently been sequenced from pathogenic and non-pathogenic E. coli strains, and no one strain serves as a general model for the diverse pathogenic strategies found within this species. Consequently, PAMGO consortium members working on the Enterobacteriaceae, in contrast to those working on P. syringae, have focused on automated propagation of annotations from a handful of experimentally characterized effectors to homologs in numerous complete and draft genomes of E. coli and other enteric bacteria. E.