This study was hence carried out to evaluate the phenolic compound biosynthesis and the anti-oxidant

activities of elicitor treated cells (ec) of O. stamineus compared to the mature plants (mp), in vitro plantlets (tcp) and the non-treated cells (nc). The total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, while the anti-oxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH and TEAC methods. The anti-oxidant activities of crude extracts decreased in the order of ec > tcp > nc > mp. Among the five tested elicitors, chitosan (150 mg/l) supplemented into the cell proliferation medium, MS + 1.0 mg/l NAA + 1.0 mg/l 2,4-D, enhanced the antioxidant activity and increased the total phenolic content Epigenetics inhibitor of O. stamineus cell cultures. The anti-oxidant activity was correlated positively with the total phenolic content of the chitosan elicited cultured cells. This study indicated that cell suspension cultures of O. stamineus could be used as an alternative system for sustainable and consistent production of biochemical with anti-oxidant

activity. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Contents Contact GM6001 mw with oestrual ewes induces an increase in LH and testosterone concentrations in rams. LH provokes an increase in testicular capillary permeability in rodents and an increase in testicular fluid in rams. Therefore, the objectives of the present experiment were to determine whether contact with oestrual ewes, including courtship and mating, induces an increase in testicular fluid content and scrotal temperature in rams. During the breeding season, after 2 weeks isolated from females, a total of 18 tests were performed using one ram with one ewe. The rams were allowed to court and mate the ewes during 20 min. Testosterone blood concentrations were measured by RIA from blood samples taken before and immediately after each test. Rectal, scrotal surface and anal skin temperatures were measured before the test, at the end, and 30 min later. At

the same moments, ultrasonographic examinations of the testes were performed. Testosterone concentrations increased after the tests (p = 0.016), and ultrasound images were Selleck GSK923295 darker at the end of the tests and 30 min later (p < 0.0001). Rectal, anal skin and scrotal temperatures increased at the end of the test, but decreased 30 min later to initials values. The stimulus of oestrual ewes determined an increase in testosterone secretion, which was associated with an increase in testicular fluid content. Fluid content remained increased at least for 30 min after the end of the ramewe contact. Contact with oestrual ewes triggered an increase in testicular fluid that remained higher after the end of the test.