45-μm membrane filter enrichment technique on 0.1 × TSA (Iizuka et al., 1998). The site was covered by a heap of fallen leaves and located in a grove in the Tokyo metropolitan Smad inhibitor area. Analysis of the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence grouped strains ND5 and MY14T within the family Oxalobacteraceae (Betaproteobacteria), most closely related to type strains of the genera Herminiimonas and Oxalicibacterium,

respectively. The genus Herminiimonas presently comprises five validly described species: Herminiimonas fonticola (Fernandes et al., 2005), Herminiimonas aquatilis (Kämpfer et al., 2006), Herminiimonas arsenicoxydans (Muller et al., 2006), Herminiimonas saxobsidens (Lang Crizotinib mw et al., 2007) and Herminiimonas glaciei (Loveland-Curtze et al., 2009). The genus Oxalicibacterium, with the type species Oxalicibacterium

flavum, was established by Tamer et al. (2002) and currently comprises three species. The species Oxalicibacterium horti and Oxalicibacterium faecigallinarum have been described recently (Sahin et al., 2009). The present paper deals with a polyphasic approach to describe strains ND5 and MY14T, which have been classified in the genera Herminiimonas and Oxalicibacterium, respectively, and to propose a novel taxon for strain MY14T, named Oxalicibacterium solurbis sp. nov. Physiological and biochemical tests were carried enough out at 30 °C. Conventional biochemical tests were performed according to standard methods (Smibert & Krieg, 1994). Bacterial growth at different pH values (6–9.5), temperatures (−5 to 42 °C) and NaCl concentrations (0–5%) was determined in basal mineral medium supplemented with glycolate and lactate that contained (L−1): 1 g l-glycolate, 1 g dl-lactate, 0.1 g yeast extract (Difco), 100 mL RM1-mineral solution, 1 g (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 g KH2PO4 and 0.5 g K2HPO4. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.8 with NaOH. RM1-mineral solution contained (L−1): 2.0 g MgCl2·6H2O, 0.4 g CaCl2·2H2O, 2.0 g NaCl and 10 mL trace element solution (Iizuka et al., 1998). API 20NE,

API 20E strips (bioMérieux) and Biolog GN microplates were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and reactions were observed for 7 days. Additional utilization and assimilations of sugars, alcohols and amino acids were determined in the above-indicated basal mineral medium with addition of filter-sterilized solutions of the following substrates (g L−1). Sugars and alcohols: ethanol, 0.5; methanol, 0.5; n-propanol, 0.5; d-ribose, 2.0; xylose, 2.0. Organic acids: acetate, 0.5 and 2.0; benzoate, 0.5; caprylate, 0.5; oxalate, 0.5 and 2.0; fumarate, 2.0; glycolate, 2.0; l-malate, 2.0; l-tartarate, 2.0. Amino acids: aminobutyrate, 2.0; l-arginine HCl, 2.0; l-glycine, 2.0; l-lysine, 2.0; and l-tryptophan, 2.0. The 16S rRNA gene sequences were analysed as described by Iizuka et al. (1998).

The subjacent medium dentin was then exposed by wet-grinding. Hardness readings

and microshear testing were carried out again. The relationship between hardness and bond strength was assessed by nonlinear regression analysis. Results.  Hardness of normal enamel was higher than hardness of enamel affected by HAI, whereas dentin hardness did not differ from this website normal to HAI-affected teeth. Enamel and dentin hardness were similar for teeth affected by HAI. Higher bond strengths were obtained to the normal tooth tissues. Dentin bond strength was higher than enamel bond strength. NaOCl exposure did not influence bond strengths. A positive linear relationship between enamel hardness and bond strength was observed. Conclusion.  HAI imposes challenges to bonding to enamel and dentin. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2013; 23: 180–187 Background and aim. 

Children’s dental fear and/or anxiety (DFA) has been associated with declines in oral health and quality of life. The influence of gender on the relationship between DFA and oral health-related well-being in children is analysed. Design.  The decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index was obtained from 161 school-aged children (7–14 years old). Data from children’s self-assessed oral health, oral health-related emotional well-being and dental anxiety were collected using questionnaires. Results.  Low scores of emotional well-being were

why associated with negative self-assessment BTK inhibitor in vivo of oral health and high levels of dental anxiety. Females reported decreased oral health-related emotional well-being compared with males. The analysis of possible moderating effects confirmed that gender influenced the relationship between oral health and DFA. The DMFT index was not associated with self-assessed oral health status, emotional well-being or DFA. Conclusion.  For girls, high levels of DFA were associated with low levels of oral health-related emotional well-being. In contrast, dental fear and/or anxiety did not influence oral health-related emotional well-being in boys. “
“International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011 Background.  Functional and headgear are two well-known approaches in the treatment of skeletal class II malocclusion in preadolescent children. Assessment of psycho-social impacts of wearing devices during the treatment period is central to enhancing the quality of healthcare services. Aim.  This study aimed to compare oral-health-related quality of life in two groups consisting of children wearing headgear or functional appliances. We also compared these groups with a non-malocclusion group. Design.  The study population consisted of 187, 11- to 14-year-old children in three groups of functional (n = 67), headgear (n = 67) and nonmalocclusion (n = 53).

A confirmed case of DENV fever was defined as a patient with clinical symptoms (sudden fever onset >38.5° and duration ranging between 2 and 7 days, with the presence of two or more of the following symptoms: severe cephalalgia and retro-orbital pain, arthralgias, myalgias, MK-8669 clinical trial lumbago, maculopapular rash, and hemorrhagic

episodes) confirmed by laboratory tests (virus isolation; presence of viral RNA by RT-PCR; presence of IgM-specific antibodies in the serum; seroconversion or increase by at least four times of the antibody or presence of virus-specific antibodies, confirmed by neutralization, in single serum sample collected). A case-report form containing information about age, sex, countries visited, travel dates, and date of onset of symptoms was completed for each patient. We also estimated the number of imported infections to municipalities with international airports using data on arrivals in Italy from 2008 to October 2011 (Capstats.com, RDC Aviation Ltd, Nottingham, United Kingdom) and data derived from the surveillance system (January 2008–October 2011) in order to define the degree of underreporting. In our model to calculate the estimated number of imported CHIKV and RGFP966 nmr DENV infections in Italy per 100,000 travelers we use as numerator the number of imported

cases derived from the surveillance system by visited area for each study year and as denominator the extrapolated number of travelers from the same areas as

those visited by notified imported cases each study year. All analyses were done using the STATA 11.2 software (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA). Tenoxicam A total of 130 persons were notified from 10 Italian regions during the study period. The population of the reporting regions represents 72% of the Italian population (60 million). Of the 130 reported CHIKV and DENV cases: 57.7% were male, median age was 39 years (range 11–73 y), and most (79.2%) were Italian. A total of 21 (16.2%) were CHIKV, and 109 (83.8%) were DENV. Of the 21 CHIKV cases, 12 (57.1%) were Italian and 9 (42.9%) of other nationalities; 61.9% were females and 10 (47.6%), 6 (28.6%), and 5 (23.8%) were between 0 to 35, 36 to 50 and >50 years old of age, respectively. Overall, nine (42.8%) had visited the Indian Ocean Islands (Mauritius, Maldives, Bali, and Sri Lanka), nine (42.8%) had visited Asia, one (4.8%) had visited Africa, and for two (9.6%) the travel history was unknown. Of the 109 DENV confirmed cases, 93 (85.3%) were Italian and 16 (14.7%) of other nationalities; 61.5% were males and 44 (40.3%), 38 (34.9%), and 27 (24.8%) were between 0 to 35, 36 to 50, and >50 years old of age, respectively. Overall, 44 (40.4%) had visited Asia, 30 (27.5%) had visited Central-South America and Caribbean Islands, 11 (10.1%) had visited the Indian Ocean Islands (Mauritius, Maldives, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka), 10 (9.2%) had visited Africa, and for 14 (12.

Hemolytic activity of the isolated schizolysin (8 HU) was routinely assayed at 37 °C. To determine the effects of temperature and pH on hemolytic activity, a suspension of schizolysin (8 HU) was incubated for 30 min at different temperatures, or in 0.2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (0.1 M) at different pH Deforolimus nmr values, and washed 2% rabbit erythrocytes (0.2 mL) were then added. After incubation in a water bath at 37 °C for 15 min, the OD540 nm of the supernatant was measured. For these experiments, 0.2 mL of a 2% rabbit erythrocyte suspension containing an osmotic protectant was mixed with 0.2 mL of schizolysin solution (8 HU). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500

and PEG 4000 were used as osmotic protectants at a final concentration of 20 mM. PEG 6000, PEG 10000 and PEG 20000 were used at a final concentration of 10 mM. The mean hydrated diameters of PEG 1500, PEG 4000, PEG 6000, PEG 10000 and PEG 20000 were 1.39, 3.60, 5.66, 9.29 and 18.59 nm, respectively (Panchal et al., 2002). Protection from hemolysis was calculated as follows: %protection=(1−hemolysis rate in the presence of osmotic protectant/hemolytic click here rate without osmotic protectant) × 100% (Berne et al., 2002). To determine whether schizolysin produces an adverse effect on cells other than erythrocytes, an assay of antifungal activity, a potentially exploitable effect, was carried

out as described by Lam & Ng (2001). The assay for antifungal activity toward Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Fusarium oxysporum and Physalospora piricola was executed using 100 × 15 mm petri plates containing 10 mL of potato dextrose agar. After the mycelial colony had formed, sterile blank paper disks (0.625 cm in diameter) were placed 0.5 cm away

from the periphery of the mycelial colony. An 15-μL aliquot of schizolysin was added to a disk. Etomidate The plates were incubated at 23 °C for 72 h until mycelial growth had surrounded the disks containing the control and had formed crescents of inhibition around disks containing samples with antifungal activity. Antifungal protein from the mushroom Lyophyllum shimeiji was used as positive control (Lam & Ng, 2001). Sterile water instead of schizolysin was added and used as negative control. The assay for the inhibitory activity on HIV-1 RT was tested with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Germany). The assay takes advantage of the ability of RT to synthesize DNA, starting from the template per primer hybrid poly(A) oligo(dT)15. The digoxigenin- and biotin-labeled nucleotides in an optimized ratio are incorporated into one of the same DNA molecules, which is freshly synthesized by the RT. The detection and quantification of synthesized DNA as a parameter for RT activity follows a sandwich ELISA protocol. Biotin-labeled DNA binds to the surface of microtiter plate modules that have been precoated with streptavidin.

It is unclear whether the azithromycin resistance identified among these Arcobacter isolates would correlate with Campylobacter spp.; however, azithromycin resistance among Campylobacter spp. in Thailand has been noted before. Isenbarger and colleagues24 in a study from diarrheal stool specimens collected in Thailand from 1996 to 1999 found an overall azithromycin resistance among 520 Campylobacter isolates at 6%. The prevalence of A

butzleri identified in this study along with the azithromycin resistance pattern should spur interest in further Arcobacter-specific research and the inclusion of Arcobacter-specific isolation methods in diarrheal Silmitasertib studies evaluating Campylobacter incidence. Because similar studies have not been performed, we cannot make comparisons between Bangkok and other cities of the world and therefore simply describe an observation. While the role of Arcobacter in human disease awaits further evaluation, a guarded approach is advisable for travelers

to Bangkok. The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis because travelers’ diarrhea is usually a mild illness and self-treatment is effective in rapidly improving illness.43 An adequate supply of self-treatment antibiotics appropriate CHIR-99021 cell line for Thailand in conjunction with other diarrheal medications such as loperamide, with proper instruction for use, should be considered for all travelers to Bangkok. High-quality medical care and good access to prescription medications are readily available in Bangkok should a traveler experience more than the routine bout of diarrhea. Special thanks to AFRIMS staff for technical support. Financial support for travel was obtained through the US Department Phosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase of Defense, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, Overseas Tropical Medicine Training Program. This study was exempt from Human Investigation Committee review under the following part of the US federal regulations: 45 CFR Part 46.101(b)(4).

This study is not a clinical trial and does not need to be registered. The authors state they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“HIV-infected patients have an increased risk for bacteraemia compared with HIV-negative patients. Few data exist on the incidence of and risk factors for bacteraemia across time in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We assessed the incidence of bacteraemia among patients followed between 2000 and 2008 at 10 HIV Research Network sites. This large multisite, multistate clinical cohort study collected demographic, clinical and therapeutic data longitudinally. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-9 codes were examined to identify all cases of in-patient bacteraemia.

It is unclear whether the azithromycin resistance identified among these Arcobacter isolates would correlate with Campylobacter spp.; however, azithromycin resistance among Campylobacter spp. in Thailand has been noted before. Isenbarger and colleagues24 in a study from diarrheal stool specimens collected in Thailand from 1996 to 1999 found an overall azithromycin resistance among 520 Campylobacter isolates at 6%. The prevalence of A

butzleri identified in this study along with the azithromycin resistance pattern should spur interest in further Arcobacter-specific research and the inclusion of Arcobacter-specific isolation methods in diarrheal LY2157299 concentration studies evaluating Campylobacter incidence. Because similar studies have not been performed, we cannot make comparisons between Bangkok and other cities of the world and therefore simply describe an observation. While the role of Arcobacter in human disease awaits further evaluation, a guarded approach is advisable for travelers

to Bangkok. The Infectious Disease Society of America recommends against the routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis because travelers’ diarrhea is usually a mild illness and self-treatment is effective in rapidly improving illness.43 An adequate supply of self-treatment antibiotics appropriate GW-572016 supplier for Thailand in conjunction with other diarrheal medications such as loperamide, with proper instruction for use, should be considered for all travelers to Bangkok. High-quality medical care and good access to prescription medications are readily available in Bangkok should a traveler experience more than the routine bout of diarrhea. Special thanks to AFRIMS staff for technical support. Financial support for travel was obtained through the US Department Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase of Defense, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, Overseas Tropical Medicine Training Program. This study was exempt from Human Investigation Committee review under the following part of the US federal regulations: 45 CFR Part 46.101(b)(4).

This study is not a clinical trial and does not need to be registered. The authors state they have no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“HIV-infected patients have an increased risk for bacteraemia compared with HIV-negative patients. Few data exist on the incidence of and risk factors for bacteraemia across time in the current era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We assessed the incidence of bacteraemia among patients followed between 2000 and 2008 at 10 HIV Research Network sites. This large multisite, multistate clinical cohort study collected demographic, clinical and therapeutic data longitudinally. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-9 codes were examined to identify all cases of in-patient bacteraemia.

The detection of discrete spindles

and the event correlation histograms calculated across all spindle events (peaks and troughs) of all detected spindles clearly showed that those spindles detected during the stimulation were grouped by the up-phases of the oscillating stimulation signal. This observation not only corroborates the acute effectiveness of tSOS, but also strongly supports the conclusion that tSOS-induced SWA does indeed mimic physiologically normal conditions, because, also under natural conditions, endogenous slow oscillations drive spindle generation such that spindles occur preferentially during the slow oscillation up-phase (Mölle et al., 2002, 2011; Steriade, 2003; Steriade & Timofeev, 2003). On the other hand, this finding tempts us to speculate that phase-coupling of spindle activity might secondarily contribute RG7420 solubility dmso to the enhancing effects of tSOS-induced slow oscillations on encoding. However spindle activity as such is unlikely to be an effective mediator

of the enhanced encoding capabilities after tSOS, as spindle activity as such did not differ between the stimulation and sham conditions, and was also not positively correlated in any way with measures IDH cancer of encoding. The fact that induction of slow oscillations by tSOS prevents any direct measurement of endogenous slow oscillations is an obvious limitation of our approach. However, it is of importance in this context that, for tSOS, we chose the maximum current amplitude, such that it induced, in the underlying Enzalutamide concentration neocortex, potential fields of a similar

amplitude as those naturally observed during SWA, thus closely mimicking endogenous slow oscillations (Steriade et al., 1996). Together, these observations justify the conclusion that the potential fields associated with the occurrence of slow oscillations and SWA do indeed play a causal role in the beneficial effect that these brain oscillations during sleep have on the encoding of information during succeeding wakefulness. The main finding of our study is that tSOS-induced slow oscillation activity during a nap consistently improved subsequent learning on different declarative tasks, whereas training of a procedural skill (finger sequence tapping) was completely unaffected. As training of finger sequence tapping skills is less dependent on hippocampal function than is learning of the declarative tasks, this pattern of findings suggests that SWA particularly benefits encoding in the hippocampus-dependent declarative memory system (Squire et al., 1993; Squire & Zola, 1996; Gais & Born, 2004; Debas et al., 2010). In fact, our pattern of findings is well in line with recent findings by Van Der Werf et al.

Sixty-one percent of participants reported feeling ‘frustrated’, while roughly a third admitted to feeling ‘angry’, ‘depressed’ or ‘helpless’. Younger patients were less likely to feel frustrated, and were instead more likely to describe their emotions as ‘feeling sorry for themselves’ or ‘helpless’. Only 45% of responders described themselves as feeling positive about their future with respect to their pain and mobility. Overall, approximately half (47%) of patients reported that the worst impact of arthritis was on their capacity to carry out activities of daily living. Eighty-four percent of participants avoid exercise/sport, 81% of participants avoid gardening, 72% avoid climbing

stairs, 71% require assistance with cleaning and 45% need help with dressing. However, responders in the younger 18–29 years age-bracket Lorlatinib supplier were more likely to nominate their inability to participate in sports and exercise as their primary concern (Fig. 3; Table 1). General practitioners (GP) were generally perceived as being the most understanding of the impact of arthritis on patients’ lives, slightly more so than spouses http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly2606368.html and significantly more than employers. Despite this, 29% of patients had not discussed with their GP how the pain makes them

feel. Males were more likely than females to have spoken to their GP (77% vs. 68%, respectively) or their spouse (55% vs. 43%) while females were more likely to have talked to their children (24% vs. 17% of males) or not have discussed their pain with anyone (14% vs. 8% of males). The majority of patients (71%) found their pain management programs to be of ‘medium effectiveness’ or ‘fairly effective’, although 17% described it as ineffective. Rest, exercise during and heat packs or patches and physiotherapy were the most commonly undertaken pain-management activities, with 51%, 47%, 43% and 23% of responders using the activities, respectively. Medications taken to mitigate arthritic pain were most commonly prescription

(60%), but supplements and over-the-counter substances were used by particularly high percentages of responders (57% and 45%, respectively; Fig. 3). Compliance issues were notable in the use of prescription medication, as 31% of responders not currently taking medications have previously had them prescribed. The most common reason given for non-compliance was ‘concern about side effects’. Consistent with previous literature, OA was the most common arthritic disease and the most common mobility limitation emanated from the knees of those affected by arthritis. A study conducted in 2010 reported total ICOAP scores for knee and hip OA patients of 47.66 and 53.09, respectively, suggesting that the total ICOAP score of 55.8 found in this survey is roughly in line with literature values.[17, 21] Any deeper analysis of the ICOAP scores is limited by the fact that this survey did not delineate between pain locations, or intermittent and constant pain.

Sixty-one percent of participants reported feeling ‘frustrated’, while roughly a third admitted to feeling ‘angry’, ‘depressed’ or ‘helpless’. Younger patients were less likely to feel frustrated, and were instead more likely to describe their emotions as ‘feeling sorry for themselves’ or ‘helpless’. Only 45% of responders described themselves as feeling positive about their future with respect to their pain and mobility. Overall, approximately half (47%) of patients reported that the worst impact of arthritis was on their capacity to carry out activities of daily living. Eighty-four percent of participants avoid exercise/sport, 81% of participants avoid gardening, 72% avoid climbing

stairs, 71% require assistance with cleaning and 45% need help with dressing. However, responders in the younger 18–29 years age-bracket C59 wnt were more likely to nominate their inability to participate in sports and exercise as their primary concern (Fig. 3; Table 1). General practitioners (GP) were generally perceived as being the most understanding of the impact of arthritis on patients’ lives, slightly more so than spouses AT9283 and significantly more than employers. Despite this, 29% of patients had not discussed with their GP how the pain makes them

feel. Males were more likely than females to have spoken to their GP (77% vs. 68%, respectively) or their spouse (55% vs. 43%) while females were more likely to have talked to their children (24% vs. 17% of males) or not have discussed their pain with anyone (14% vs. 8% of males). The majority of patients (71%) found their pain management programs to be of ‘medium effectiveness’ or ‘fairly effective’, although 17% described it as ineffective. Rest, exercise Aprepitant and heat packs or patches and physiotherapy were the most commonly undertaken pain-management activities, with 51%, 47%, 43% and 23% of responders using the activities, respectively. Medications taken to mitigate arthritic pain were most commonly prescription

(60%), but supplements and over-the-counter substances were used by particularly high percentages of responders (57% and 45%, respectively; Fig. 3). Compliance issues were notable in the use of prescription medication, as 31% of responders not currently taking medications have previously had them prescribed. The most common reason given for non-compliance was ‘concern about side effects’. Consistent with previous literature, OA was the most common arthritic disease and the most common mobility limitation emanated from the knees of those affected by arthritis. A study conducted in 2010 reported total ICOAP scores for knee and hip OA patients of 47.66 and 53.09, respectively, suggesting that the total ICOAP score of 55.8 found in this survey is roughly in line with literature values.[17, 21] Any deeper analysis of the ICOAP scores is limited by the fact that this survey did not delineate between pain locations, or intermittent and constant pain.

Using the 91% cutoff, 46 MLVA patterns were defined out of the 69 MRSA strains evaluated. Applying a 75% similarity value generated 13 clusters from 56 strains, excluding 13 strains from these clusters (Fig. 2a). Isolates belonging to the same cluster differed by up to four bands. MLVA

of the clinical S. aureus isolates using either cutoff value revealed that the majority of isolates do not belong to the same clusters as US S. aureus clones (USA100, USA200, USA300, and USA600) and suggest that the isolates collected from the Illinois area are not clonal. For PA, using the 97% cutoff value, 43 MLVA banding patterns were formed out of the 44 strains. When a cutoff value of 75% was applied, LY2109761 manufacturer 10 clusters were generated comprising 28 strains, and 26 MLVA banding patterns were discerned (Fig. 2b). Strains that group according to these two cutoff values are in a variety INCB024360 molecular weight of clusters, demonstrating that the isolates studied were not clonal. Armed with the knowledge that the collection of MRSA and PA clinical isolates were sufficiently diverse, an effort was made to define the prevalence of TA genes in the strains. For the MRSA isolates, gene-specific PCR

primers were used to amplify the genes for the mazEF homolog (called mazEFSa) observed on the S. aureus COL genome (Pandey & Gerdes, 2005). The PA isolates were probed for homologs of the higBA, parDE and relBE systems identified in PA strain PAO1 (Pandey & Gerdes, 2005). The oligonucleotide sequences of all PCR primers used to amplify TA genes are listed in Table 1 and the homologous regions are represented in Fig. 1. Total DNA preparations from each of the 78 MRSA and 42 PA strains were analyzed by PCR, and results

were designated as positive if a distinct band was observed at the expected size on an agarose gel. The PCR screen revealed that the mazEFSa TA system was present in all MRSA isolates (78/78, 100%). For the 42 PA isolates, relBEPa (42/42, 100%) and higBAPa (42/42, 100%) were ubiquitous, whereas parDEPa (13/42, 30%) was less prevalent. Supporting Information check details Table S1 contains a complete list of all MRSA and PA isolates and the TA genes detected by PCR. Comparison of the MLVA genotypes of PA strains that carry parDEPa showed that these strains are dispersed throughout the dendrogram, indicating that there is no correlation between genome relatedness and carriage of parDEPa. DNA sequencing was performed on ∼10% of all PCR products. For the MRSA isolates, sequenced PCR products revealed strong sequence identity (95.6–99.5%) to the reference TA system sequence (mazEFSa alignments are shown in Fig. S1). For the PA isolates, sequenced PCR products also revealed strong sequence identity (97.8–100%) to the reference TA system sequences [higBAPa, 99.4% average identity; parDEPa, 99.6% average identity; and relBEPa, 98.