In 1976, Dr Brackmann was the first who described daily FVIII infusions in combination with activated prothrombin complex concentrate (APCC) until abolition of the inhibitor. Since then several other regimens have been described, ranging from 25 IU kg−1 to 100 IU kg−1 FVIII or more daily, with or without immunosuppressive drugs [3–8]. At the Van

Creveldkliniek, low dose ITI was introduced in 1981 [9]; until that time FVIII infusion was discontinued at the moment of inhibitor detection. Since then, low dose ITI was started in all patients in whom an inhibitor developed before 1981, and in whom FVIII infusions were stopped, resulting in tolerance in 87% (21/24) of the patients after a median of 1 year [4]. In these 24 patients, a maximum titre of less than 40 BU mL−1 and age at inhibitor development below 2.5 years were associated with earlier achievement of success [4]. Subsequently, see more all patients who developed an inhibitor were treated with low dose regimen: 25–50 IU kg−1 two times a week to every other day, as soon as an inhibitor RAD001 cell line occurred. The aim of this study was to evaluate results of 26 years of experience with low dose immune tolerance induction

in inhibitor patients. Between 1981 and 2007, all patients younger than 6 years of age with severe haemophilia A (FVIII of less than 1%), visiting the Van Creveldkliniek haemophilia treatment centre, were included. Patients were tested at least twice a year for antibodies against FVIII. Additional antibody tests were performed in patients who were clinically suspected of having an inhibitor, or after an intensive treatment episode. Using standardized case report forms, data on treatment regimen, surgery and reasons for hospitalization were

collected from medical records. In case of a positive inhibitor titre, blood samples for repeated testing and for FVIII recovery studies were taken. We defined the presence of an inhibitor as a confirmed positive inhibitor test and a decreased recovery (less than 66% of expected) regardless of a patient’s symptoms. Patients who did not have a positive inhibitor titre in the second sample and a normal MCE recovery were considered transient inhibitor patients and excluded from this study. When FVIII was given exclusively to obtain immune tolerance, the dosage was 25–50 IU FVIII per kilogram of bodyweight (FVIII kg−1) every other day or three times a week, independent of the inhibitor titre. All patients who received low dosage ITI therapy were included. Patients who started with a high dosage therapy because they participated in the Immune Tolerance Study were excluded, independently of inhibitor titre [10]. In children with poor venous access, frequency of FVIII infusions had to be reduced to twice weekly. Since 1990, porth à cath (PAC) systems were introduced to guarantee adequate venous access, thereby facilitating more frequent infusions.

g. HGG) and non-REDs (e. g. recurrent cholangitis). While

prior work has demonstrated regional variation in the use of exceptions, no work has examined the between-center variability in the use, and subsequent approval, of non-RED exceptions. We analyzed all new waitlist candidates from 2/27/02-6/3/11, to explore variation in the use of non-REDs, for which no strict exception criteria exist. Of 58, 641 new waitlist candidates, 4, 356 (7. 4%) applied for a non-RED exception. The number of applications increased over time, as did the approval rates for such applications—nearly MK-2206 clinical trial 50% in 2002 to 75% in 2010.Adjusting for patient factors, there was significant variability (P<0.001) in the use of non-RED exceptions in 7/11 UNOS regions, and in the approval of these exceptions in 6/11しNOS regions. In 3 しNOS regions, the absolute difference in the adjusted proportion of approved non-RED exceptions between centers with the highest and lowest approval rates was >30%. Variability

learn more in the use and approval of non-REDs was clinically significant—waitlist candidates with approved exceptions were significantly more likely to be transplanted (68. 3% vs. 53. 4%, P<0.001) and less likely to be removed for death or clinical deterioration (10.4% vs. 16. 2%, P<0.001). While increased median MELD at transplantation within a donor service area was associated with increased odds of applying for exceptions, no other center factors were associated with applying for, or having non-RED exceptions approved. Figure 1: Within-region variability in waitlist candidates applying for non-RED

medchemexpress exceptions per center Figure 2: Within-region variability in non-RED approvals between centers with at least 20 applications Disclosures: The following people have nothing to disclose: David S. Goldberg, George A. Makar, Benjamin French Background: With the aging of the HCV cohort and increasing prevalence of NAFLD, the burden on primary care providers (PGPs) to care for patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is growing nationwide. In response to this problem, the Veterans Health Administration implemented a series of innovative initiatives focusing on primary care-specialty referral to increase PGP competency in the management of complex chronic medical diseases. One such initiative, the SGAN-EGHO program, was implemented in mid-2011 to transfer subspecialfy knowledge to primary care providers through case-based distance learning combined with real-time consultation. Although this program has now been implemented widely, there is limited information regarding its ability to engage PGPs to learn and influence their clinical practice. Aims: We surveyed primary care providers in order to assess the factors which led to their participation in the SCAN-ECHO program and the educational impact of their participation. Results: Out of 51 potential provider participants, 24 responded to an anonymous web-based survey.

A resistance analysis of HBV pol/RT was performed at the baseline for all patients, for viremic patients at week 144 or at the last time when they were on TDF monotherapy (34 on TDF and 19 on ADV-TDF), and for patients who remained viremic after the addition of FTC (7/20 on TDF and 5/14 on ADV-TDF). No patient developed amino acid substitutions associated with resistance to TDF. Virological breakthrough on TDF monotherapy was infrequent

over 144 weeks (13/426, 3%) and was attributed to documented nonadherence in most cases (11/13, 85%). Persistent viremia (≥400 copies/mL) through week 144 was rare (5/641, 0.8%) and was not associated Selleck MAPK Inhibitor Library with virological resistance to TDF by population or clonal analyses. Conclusion: No nucleoside-naive or nucleoside-experienced

patient developed HBV pol/RT mutations associated with TDF resistance after up to 144 weeks of exposure to TDF monotherapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2010) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) constitutes a major global health threat with an estimated worldwide population of 400 million chronic HBV carriers. Worldwide, approximately 1 million people die annually of complications of chronic hepatitis B (CHB).1 The goal of CHB therapy is to decrease the risk of complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by potent and durable suppression of viral replication. Long-term therapy requires acceptable tolerability, minimal toxicity, potent activity, a dosing regimen that facilitates adherence, and minimal selection for drug resistance. Long-term treatment with oral antiviral Protease Inhibitor Library molecular weight therapies eventually leads to some level of resistance: up to 70% after 4 years with lamivudine2; up to 29% in hepatitis B e antigen–negative (HBeAg−) patients after 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 5 years with adefovir dipivoxil (ADV)3; 25.1% and 10.8% in HBeAg+ and HBeAg− patients, respectively, after 2 years with telbivudine4;

and 1.2% after 5 years with entecavir.5 Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) was approved at the dosage of 300 mg once daily for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in 2001 and was approved at the same dosage in 2008 for the treatment of CHB. Clinical studies have demonstrated that TDF has high potency against HBV, with 76% of HBeAg+ patients and 93% of HBeAg− patients achieving complete viral suppression (HBV DNA < 400 copies/mL) after 48 weeks of treatment.6 There was no difference in the efficacy of TDF between treatment-naive patients and lamivudine-experienced patients and between patients with different HBV viral genotypes (A-H).7 Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss was observed in 3.2% of HBeAg+ patients at week 48,6 and cumulatively, 8% of HBeAg+ patients experienced HBsAg loss through week 144.8 No HBeAg− patient experienced HBsAg loss through week 144. To date, there have been no reports of virological resistance to TDF among HBV-monoinfected patients.

Selective adhesion molecules of intestinal endothelial cells are therefore therapeutic targets for blocking leukocyte trafficking and activation in IBD, particularly because they do not induce systemic immune suppression. Natalizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the cellular adhesion molecule α4-integrin. This agent blocks leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in the intestinal tract, but also to the brain. The latter property led to its use in patients with multiple sclerosis. However, the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating and often fatal cerebral Abiraterone in vivo infection caused by the John Cunningham virus (JCV), has

limited it use in IBD. By targeting α4β7 integrin, the gut-specific mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM), PML may be prevented. Vedolizumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks this interaction, and rhuMAb7, a monoclonal antibody against the β7 subunit are currently under investigation for IBD.4,5 (Fig. 1) This review article critically examines the indications of biological agents in the treatment of IBD, the practical issues on prescribing these drugs and their potential for adverse effects. In Australia, infliximab is approved

for use in refractory luminal and fistulizing CD and UC and adalimumab for refractory CD.6 Certolizumab has been evaluated in a phase 3 trial, and is approved for use in the USA and parts of Europe, but is not yet readily available in the Asia-Pacific region. All three agents have similar efficacy in comparable trials MLN8237 solubility dmso versus placebo. There are, as yet, no head-to-head trials. The newer agents have less long term follow up data. In Asia, anti-TNF treatment has been used for years in CD, with most data originating from Japan. The above three agents have demonstrated efficacy for patients with luminal CD but only infliximab so far has had primary endpoint data for fistulizing CD.7–10 Infliximab induces and maintains remission in UC4 and has been used as a salvage therapy for acute severe colitis in open labeled studies.11 The extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD may also benefit

from treatment with anti-TNF agents. Bone mineral density and osteoporosis may improve when patients are treated with anti-TNF 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 agents.12–14 Similarly, beneficial effects on colitic arthropathy and other extraintestinal manifestations have been noted.15–17 Refractory luminal Crohn’s disease.  The success of anti-TNF therapy in refractory luminal disease has been well demonstrated. Initial studies demonstrated the efficacy of induction therapy, but it is now known that maintenance therapy delivers superior long term outcomes.18,19 The ACCENT 1 study demonstrated the superiority of three dose infliximab induction over a single dose induction regimen.7 This study also demonstrated superiority of scheduled two-monthly maintenance therapy over episodic treatment.

4% of onabotulinumtoxinA patients and 51.7% of placebo patients. Most patients reported adverse events that were mild to moderate in severity and few discontinued (onabotulinumtoxinA, 3.8%; placebo, 1.2%) due to adverse events. No unexpected treatment-related adverse ICG-001 price events were identified. Conclusions.— The pooled PREEMPT results demonstrate that onabotulinumtoxinA is an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic migraine. OnabotulinumtoxinA resulted in significant

improvements compared with placebo in multiple headache symptom measures, and significantly reduced headache-related disability and improved functioning, vitality, and overall health-related quality of life. Repeat treatments with onabotulinumtoxinA were safe and well tolerated. Chronic migraine (CM) is a complex, progressive headache disorder affecting approximately 1.3-2.4% of the general adult population.1-3 According to the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) selleck kinase inhibitor and subsequent revised ICHD criteria, CM is recognized as a complication of migraine that is distinguished from episodic migraine (EM) by the frequency of headache.4,5 CM is characterized by

headache on ≥15 days per month, of which at least 8 headache days per month meet criteria for migraine without aura or respond to migraine-specific treatment.5 CM is associated with significant disability, reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and considerable

healthcare cost.6,7 Patients with CM are less MCE likely to attend social functions and perform household work compared with those with EM, and 1 in 5 CM sufferers is occupationally disabled, thereby affecting their ability to lead productive lives.8,9 Few preventative treatments for CM have been investigated, and none is currently approved for CM prophylaxis.10-13 The effectiveness of both acute migraine treatments and prophylactic medications may be further complicated by frequent overuse of acute headache pain medication (eg, simple analgesics, triptans, opioids, ergots) by this patient population.14-16 OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) has shown efficacy in relieving pain associated with a variety of conditions, including migraine headache.10,11,17-27 Previous exploratory trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in headache prophylaxis have yielded mixed results.10,11,28-30 In 2 large, randomized, placebo-controlled exploratory studies of EM, no significant between-group difference was observed in frequency of headache episodes.28,29 The baseline mean number of headache days in these studies was approximately 8-10 per month. A study of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) did not observe a significant difference favoring onabotulinumtoxinA in the number of headache-free days per month.30 These trials have not established the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA in either EM or CTTH.

4% of onabotulinumtoxinA patients and 51.7% of placebo patients. Most patients reported adverse events that were mild to moderate in severity and few discontinued (onabotulinumtoxinA, 3.8%; placebo, 1.2%) due to adverse events. No unexpected treatment-related adverse SCH772984 solubility dmso events were identified. Conclusions.— The pooled PREEMPT results demonstrate that onabotulinumtoxinA is an effective prophylactic treatment for chronic migraine. OnabotulinumtoxinA resulted in significant

improvements compared with placebo in multiple headache symptom measures, and significantly reduced headache-related disability and improved functioning, vitality, and overall health-related quality of life. Repeat treatments with onabotulinumtoxinA were safe and well tolerated. Chronic migraine (CM) is a complex, progressive headache disorder affecting approximately 1.3-2.4% of the general adult population.1-3 According to the second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) GSK2126458 mw and subsequent revised ICHD criteria, CM is recognized as a complication of migraine that is distinguished from episodic migraine (EM) by the frequency of headache.4,5 CM is characterized by

headache on ≥15 days per month, of which at least 8 headache days per month meet criteria for migraine without aura or respond to migraine-specific treatment.5 CM is associated with significant disability, reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and considerable

healthcare cost.6,7 Patients with CM are less MCE likely to attend social functions and perform household work compared with those with EM, and 1 in 5 CM sufferers is occupationally disabled, thereby affecting their ability to lead productive lives.8,9 Few preventative treatments for CM have been investigated, and none is currently approved for CM prophylaxis.10-13 The effectiveness of both acute migraine treatments and prophylactic medications may be further complicated by frequent overuse of acute headache pain medication (eg, simple analgesics, triptans, opioids, ergots) by this patient population.14-16 OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) has shown efficacy in relieving pain associated with a variety of conditions, including migraine headache.10,11,17-27 Previous exploratory trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA in headache prophylaxis have yielded mixed results.10,11,28-30 In 2 large, randomized, placebo-controlled exploratory studies of EM, no significant between-group difference was observed in frequency of headache episodes.28,29 The baseline mean number of headache days in these studies was approximately 8-10 per month. A study of chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) did not observe a significant difference favoring onabotulinumtoxinA in the number of headache-free days per month.30 These trials have not established the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA in either EM or CTTH.

History of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as self-reported history of congestive heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction. The original NHANES III examination included USG of the gallbladder at a mobile examination center as a part of the assessment for digestive diseases in adults 20-74 years of age. Subsequently, the archived gallbladder USG video images were reviewed to assess fatty liver.18 Three USG reviewers were trained by a

board-certified radiologist who specialized in hepatic imaging. Evaluation of fatty liver was performed using the following five criteria: (1) parenchymal brightness; (2) liver to kidney contrast; (3) deep beam attenuation; (4) bright vessel walls; and (5) gallbladder wall definition. learn more Overall assessment, made using

an algorithm based on these five criteria, reported normal versus mild, moderate, or severe hepatic steatosis.18 For the purpose of this study, NAFLD was diagnosed in subjects with any degree (mild to severe) of steatosis. In individuals with NAFLD, serum markers of fibrosis were used to assess severity of fibrosis. These included NFS, APRI, and FIB-4. NFS was calculated according to the published formula: NFS = −1.675 INK 128 nmr + 0.037 × age (years) + 0.094 × BMI (kg/m2) + 1.13 × impaired fasting glycemia or diabetes (yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.99 × AST/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio – 0.013 × PLT (×109/L) – 0.66 × ALB g/dL).12 Two cut-off points were selected to categorize subjects with NAFLD into three groups, including those with high probability (NFS >0.676), intermediate probability (NFS: 0.676∼−1.455), and low probability for advanced fibrosis (NFS <−1.455).12 APRI was also calculated by the following published formula: APRI = ([AST/upper limit of normal]/PLT

count[109/L]) medchemexpress × 100.15 We used the cut-offs for low and high probability of advanced fibrosis as published, namely, 0.5 and 1.5, respectively.15 FIB-4 was calculated by the following formula: FIB-4 = (age [years] × AST [U/L])/(PLT [109/L] × (ALT [U/L])1/2). Published cut-off values were used to define low (FIB-4 <1.30), intermediate, and high (FIB-4 >2.67) probability of advanced fibrosis.19 All participants of NHNAES III over 17 years of age were followed forward for mortality through December 31, 2006. The NHANES III–Linked Mortality File uses the Underlying Cause of Death Recode-113 (UCOD_113) code to classify all deaths according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) for deaths before 1998 and to ICD-10 for those between 1999 and 2006.

History of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was defined as self-reported history of congestive heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction. The original NHANES III examination included USG of the gallbladder at a mobile examination center as a part of the assessment for digestive diseases in adults 20-74 years of age. Subsequently, the archived gallbladder USG video images were reviewed to assess fatty liver.18 Three USG reviewers were trained by a

board-certified radiologist who specialized in hepatic imaging. Evaluation of fatty liver was performed using the following five criteria: (1) parenchymal brightness; (2) liver to kidney contrast; (3) deep beam attenuation; (4) bright vessel walls; and (5) gallbladder wall definition. Venetoclax order Overall assessment, made using

an algorithm based on these five criteria, reported normal versus mild, moderate, or severe hepatic steatosis.18 For the purpose of this study, NAFLD was diagnosed in subjects with any degree (mild to severe) of steatosis. In individuals with NAFLD, serum markers of fibrosis were used to assess severity of fibrosis. These included NFS, APRI, and FIB-4. NFS was calculated according to the published formula: NFS = −1.675 Pifithrin-�� manufacturer + 0.037 × age (years) + 0.094 × BMI (kg/m2) + 1.13 × impaired fasting glycemia or diabetes (yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.99 × AST/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio – 0.013 × PLT (×109/L) – 0.66 × ALB g/dL).12 Two cut-off points were selected to categorize subjects with NAFLD into three groups, including those with high probability (NFS >0.676), intermediate probability (NFS: 0.676∼−1.455), and low probability for advanced fibrosis (NFS <−1.455).12 APRI was also calculated by the following published formula: APRI = ([AST/upper limit of normal]/PLT

count[109/L]) MCE公司 × 100.15 We used the cut-offs for low and high probability of advanced fibrosis as published, namely, 0.5 and 1.5, respectively.15 FIB-4 was calculated by the following formula: FIB-4 = (age [years] × AST [U/L])/(PLT [109/L] × (ALT [U/L])1/2). Published cut-off values were used to define low (FIB-4 <1.30), intermediate, and high (FIB-4 >2.67) probability of advanced fibrosis.19 All participants of NHNAES III over 17 years of age were followed forward for mortality through December 31, 2006. The NHANES III–Linked Mortality File uses the Underlying Cause of Death Recode-113 (UCOD_113) code to classify all deaths according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) for deaths before 1998 and to ICD-10 for those between 1999 and 2006.

“
“Scent marking is commonly described as a territorial behaviour, and scent marks might deter potential intruders from entering occupied areas. Conspecific neighbours present both a reproductive and a territorial threat, thus, determining which, if any, of these threats shapes scent-marking behaviour is difficult. Banded mongooses Mungos mungo provide a rare clear separation between reproductive rivals (found within groups) and territorial rivals (neighbouring groups), because immigration into social groups is

extremely rare, and mating occurs almost exclusively within groups. This situation offers an opportunity to assess the relative importance of territorial defence and intra-group competition for mates in shaping scent-marking behaviour. We combined detailed behavioural observations of scent marking, chemical analyses of scent composition and discrimination experiments in the Alisertib field, and found little evidence for

higher rates of scent marking in overlapping areas, a lack of group specificity of scents and a failure of individuals to discriminate between the scents of different groups. Although scent may fulfill some role in territorial demarcation and defence, these results suggest that scent marks and scent-marking patterns are also involved in communicating within social groups. “
“Livestock predation by Asiatic lions Panthera leo persica in and around Gir Protected Area (Gir PA) in western India results in conflict with people and has important implications for the conservation of this species. A Ivacaftor mouse 5-year study was undertaken to document diet and predation patterns based on direct observations of radio-collared lions,

opportunistically located carcasses and scat analysis. Magnitude of livestock predation was assessed based on interviews of resident pastoralists in 20 settlements. Lions made one kill in every 4 days and the diet primarily consisted of large prey. Wild prey, mainly chital Axis axis, represented 80% of the lion’s diet within Gir PA based on scat analysis. Within the protected area, though medchemexpress lions predominantly consumed wild prey in proportion to their availability, they were yet responsible for majority of livestock loss to the resident communities. The proportion of wild and domestic animals killed by lions varied between seasons: significantly more wild ungulates were killed during summer when prey were concentrated around waterholes. Domestic animals were the major prey outside the protected area. Thus, despite high proportion of wild prey in the diet, lions still considerably depended on livestock. Our study defines focal areas of lion–human conflict and suggests better husbandry practices. Population decline, crisis management, stabilization, precarious recovery and sustained recovery have been described as five stages of species restoration (Linklater, 2003).

Data were analyzed using StatPlus:Mac_2009 software (AnalystSoft, Inc., USA). For PREDICT sample size calculation, the study aimed to recruit a minimum of 1000 patients from the ALA research network sites within a designated 14-month recruitment period ending in June 2012. Both the PREDICT and CHARIOT studies were overseen by Australian-based protocol steering committees. Approval from the institutional review board or ethics committee was obtained before commencement of each study at all sites and before modifications were made to the conduct of the trial.

Both studies were sponsored by an unrestricted grant Talazoparib datasheet from F. Hoffman-La Roche. The PREDICT clinical trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12611000846921. The CHARIOT study was registered with both the National Institutes of Health (NCT00192647) and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (ACTRN12605000488606). A total of 1693 patients were recruited into this study from 38 clinics across all Australian states, including 1132 recruited from the PREDICT study and 561 from the CHARIOT study. Baseline characteristics for the overall and each individual study cohort are shown in Table 1. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ldk378.html The overall cohort

was typical of an Australian HCV-infected population with 64.5% being male and a mean age of 47 (range 18–79) years. The majority (85%) were self-reported Caucasians, while 6.6% were Asians, 2% were Mediterraneans, 2% were Aboriginals, and < 1% were Middle Easterners, Maori, Pacific Islanders, Indians, Africans, and Hispanics. All patients had HCV Gt1, while 53% had a high viral load of > 800 000 IU/mL. The baseline characteristics of the PREDICT and CHARIOT cohorts were generally similar apart from the CHARIOT group being slightly younger in age and inclusive of more Asian subjects (9.9% vs 4.9%) (Table 1). Among the 1693 patients tested for the IFN-λ3 rs12979860 SNP 379 (35.6%) had the favorable CC genotype, 605 (52.1%) had the CT genotype, and 147 (12.3%) had the TT genotype (Table 2). The frequency distribution of the IFN-λ3 rs12979860 SNP differed slightly between the two study

cohorts with a higher frequency of the IFN-λ3 CC genotype in the CHARIOT compared with the PREDICT cohort (39.8% vs 33.5%; P = 0.01). A total of 1643 (97%) patients were 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 tested for the IFN-λ3 rs8099917 SNP of whom 895 (54.5%) had the favorable TT genotype, 674 (41%) had the GT genotype, and 74 (4.5%) had the GG genotype (Table 2). There were minor differences observed in the frequency distribution of the IFN-λ3 rs12979860 SNP between the two study cohorts with a higher prevalence of the favorable IFN-λ3 rs8099917 TT genotype in the CHARIOT population compared with the PREDICT cohort (59.5% vs 51.8%; P < 0.005). The distribution of the IFN-λ3 rs12979860 and rs8099917 genotypes according to ethnicity is shown in Table 3 and Figure 1.