The results show that

there is a small dispersion in stop band width for the different temperatures. Since the stop band width depends basically on the refractive index contrast that can be achieved within a cycle, it can be concluded that the anodization temperature has a small influence in the refractive index contrast. Figure 4 Evolution of central wavelength of the first stop band as function of pore-widening time for different anodization buy Pitavastatin temperatures. Table 1 Average stop band width and corresponding standard deviation as a function of the pore-widening time Pore-widening time (min) Average stop band width (nm) Stop band width standard deviation (nm) 0 103 22 9 68 14 18 50 5 27 46 6 The average and standard deviation have been obtained for all the samples with a given pore-widening time and different temperatures. The small value of the standard deviation selleckchem as compared with the average stop band width indicates that the temperature has a small influence in the refractive index contrast obtained with the cyclic voltage anodization. Conclusions In this work, we analyzed the influence of the anodization temperature and of the

number of applied voltage cycles on the photonic properties of NAA-based DBRs obtained by cyclic voltage anodization. In previous works, it was shown that DBR structures with stop bands can be obtained by the application of an anodization based in the repetition of voltage cycles between 20 and 50 V in 0.3 M oxalic acid. It was also shown that the application of a pore-widening step after anodization is crucial in order to obtain well-defined stop bands with low transmittance and high reflectance. In this work, these nanoporous structures have been obtained in the range of temperatures between 8°C and 11°C, for 50 and 150 applied voltage cycles and pore-widening times up to 27 min. The effect of these parameters

on the morphologic and photonic properties of the nanostructures has been studied by means of SEM and spectroscopic transmittance measurements. The results show that 50 applied voltage cycles are enough to produce stop bands and that increasing the number of cycles has two opposite effects: on one hand, Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase an enhancement of the photonic stop bands is observed, in particular specially for the case of the as-produced samples, which is much better defined for samples with higher number of cycles. On the other hand, scattering losses are observed in the spectra caused by the irregular interfaces between cycles observed in the SEM images. Such losses increase with increasing number cycles and the corresponding interfaces. Increasing the anodization temperature produces a remarkable shift of the photonic stop band central wavelength, with a linear rate of 42.5 nm/°C. On the other hand, a change in anodization temperature does not influence noticeably the obtained stop band widths or the rate of the subsequent pore widening.

Similar properties of the fs pulse-induced laser plume were discussed by Verhoff et al [11]. Figure  2a,b shows the surface and grain morphologies of both ns-PLD and fs-PLD CIGS thin films. CIGS film deposited by the ns-PLD growth was found to have smooth surface and larger grain size, while much rougher surface with smaller grains was observed in films deposited by the fs-PLD growth. Figure  2c shows the side-view SEM image of the ns-PLD CIGS thin film,

in which the grain boundaries (GBs) can be clearly observed. In contrast, the GBs of the fs-PLD CIGS thin film are barely seen as shown in Figure  2d, which indicates a more compact structure as expected. As shown in Figure  2a, there are a lot of micro-clusters generated due to the residual heat generated by ns laser pulses. It has also been found find more that the secondary phases (Cu2 – x Se) with Cu/In/Ga/Se = 62.92:1.42:0.82:34.84 characterized by EDS tend to segregate GDC-0973 chemical structure on the surface and appear as large droplets indicated by the white arrow shown in Figure  2a [9]. However, it is evident

from Figure  2b that the segregation of secondary phases is significantly reduced in films obtained by fs-PLD [11]. Moreover, air voids occurring at grain boundaries (marked by the white arrow in the inset of Figure  1a) were observed in films deposited by the ns-PLD. The formation of air voids between grains is most likely due to the stack of the larger clusters and debris. It is worthy to note that both of the abovementioned microstructure features exhibited in films deposited by the ns-PLD can lead to substantial current

leakage in devices. Such detrimental disadvantages, nevertheless, can be successfully removed with a concentrated and oriented plume consisting of atoms and nanometer-cluster mixtures resulting from the localized strong electric field ionization on the target by using the fs pulses [12]. In addition, ingredients of the nanometer-cluster mixture evidently resulted in a much more Nabilone compact CIGS films (Figure  2b). Consequently, the inherent nanostructure uniformly distributed on the surface of fs-PLD-derived CIGS film is observed instead of the micrometer-sized droplets of the secondary phases. Figure 2 SEM images of ns-PLD CIGS and fs-PLD CIGS. Top-view SEM images of (a) ns-PLD CIGS and (b) fs-PLD CIGS. Side-view SEM images of (c) ns-PLD CIGS and (d) fs-PLD CIGS. The XRD patterns of the CIGS target and the two CIGS thin films are presented in Figure  3a. In the pattern of the CIGS target, the main peaks are broadened and degenerated to the peaks of binary crystals of Cu2 – x Se x , which is commonly found in the hot-pressed CIGS pellet. In contrast, the homogeneous phase and remarkable crystallinity can be found in the two CIGS thin films. The polycrystalline feature with the chalcopyrite structure in the CIGS target is directly transferred to the CIGS films obtained by both ns- and fs-PLD processes.

The shift of this threshold in comparison to structures evaporated and consequently annealed is probably caused by the surface diffusion in combination with local gold melting. The thermal annealing, on the contrary, leads to the creation of relatively large ‘spherolytic and hummock-like’ structures in the gold layer. The globular structure is strongly amplified by the thermal annealing probably due to local surface melting of gold nanoparticles during the process. The optical properties and appearance of peak

of plasmon resonance for different thicknesses of Au structures are strongly influenced by prior glass heating. Acknowledgments This work was GW3965 supported by the Grant Agency of the CR under the project no. P108/10/1106 check details and P106/09/0125. References 1. Worsch C, Wisniewski W, Kracker M, Rüssel C: Gold nano-particles fixed on glass. Appl Surf Sci 2012, 258:8506–8513.CrossRef 2. Kealley CS, Cortie MB, Maaruf AI, Xu X: The versatile colour gamut of coatings of plasmonic metal nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009, 11:5897–5902.CrossRef 3. Xu X, Stevens M, Cortie MB: In situ precipitation of gold nanoparticles onto glass for potential architectural applications. Chem Mater 2004, 16:2259–2266.CrossRef 4. Xu X, Cortie MB, Stevens M:

Effect of glass pre-treatment on the nucleation of semi-transparent gold coatings. Mater Chem Phys 2005, 94:266–274.CrossRef 5. Švorčík V, Kvítek O, Lyutakov O, Siegel J, Kolská Z: Annealing of sputtered gold nano-structures. Appl Phys A 2011, 102:747–751.CrossRef 6. Porath D, Millo O: Scanning tunneling microscopy studies and computer simulations of annealing of gold films. J Vacuum Sci Technol 1996, 14:30–37. 7. Müller CM, Spolenak E: Microstructure evolution during dewetting Morin Hydrate in thin Au films. Acta Mater 2010, 58:6035–6045.CrossRef 8. Sun CQ: Size dependence of nanostructures:

impact of bond order deficiency. Prog Solid State Chem 2007, 35:1–159.CrossRef 9. Jiang Q, Liang LH, Zhao DS: Lattice contraction and surface stress of fcc nanocrystals. J Phys Chem B 2001, 105:6275–6277.CrossRef 10. Qi WH, Wang MP: Size and shape dependent lattice parameters of metallic nanoparticles. J Nanoparticle Res 2005, 7:51–57.CrossRef 11. Qin W, Chen ZH, Huang PY, Zhuang YH: Crystal lattice expansion of nanocrystalline materials. J Alloy Compound 1999, 292:230–232.CrossRef 12. Siegel J, Kvítek O, Slepička P, Náhlík J, Heitz J, Švorčík V: Structural, electrical and optical studies of gold nanostructures formed by Ar plasma-assisted sputtering. Nucl Instrum Meth B 2012, 272:193–197.CrossRef 13. Su H, Li Y, Li XY, Wong KS: Optical and electrical properties of Au nanoparticles in two-dimensional networks: an effective cluster model. Opt Express 2009, 17:22223–22234.CrossRef 14. Slepička P, Kolská Z, Náhlík J, Hnatowicz V, Švorčík V: Properties of Au nanolayers on polyethyleneterephthalate and polytetrafluoroethylene. Surf Interf Anal 2009, 41:741–745.CrossRef 15.

05,), but the difference between clusters 1 and 3, and 2 and 3 were not statistically significant. The isolates from different geographic locations also varied in mean MIC values but were not significantly different (data not shown). Table MM-102 solubility dmso 2 Mean MIC for Structure

Defined Clusters CLUSTER (→) Geographic Origin (↓) 1 2 3 Total isolates Italy 22 (1) 3 17 (2) 45 France-Belgium 11 4 (1) 10 (2) 28 Eastern US 0 10 (2) 6 (1) 19 Western US 0 5 16 21 MEAN MIC (AMB) mg/L (→) 0.78 1.29 0.86 113 Mean MIC for STRUCTURE defined clusters of sequence-confirmed A. terreus isolates. Numbers in parenthesis denote isolates in which the majority contribution from any cluster was less than 0.66. Discussion Extensive genotypic diversity has long been known in A. terreus, and recently a cryptic species, A alabamensis, was discovered among isolates originally identified as A. terreus [8]. In the current study, we report the presence of four A. alabamensis isolates, identified by comparative sequence analysis of a previously characterized single locus gene (calM), from a collection of clinical isolates defined as A. terreus. Three A. alabamensis isolates were recovered from North America and one originated from Italy, making this ARS-1620 concentration the first reported A. alabamensis isolate recovered

outside of North America. In contrast to a previous study that found that A. alabamensis had decreased in vitro susceptibility to AMB [8], all four A. alabamensis isolates recovered in this study had similar MIC patterns against AMB as compared to A. terreus (data not shown). None of the A. alabamensis isolates recovered in this study were colonizers (David Stevens, personal communication),

a finding that was different from the study of Balajee et al. [8]. It has been postulated that unique A. terreus genotypes may occupy particular environmental niches associated with certain geographical areas. To test this hypothesis, Lass-Florl et al. [9] conducted a molecular epidemiological study using RAPD which explored the genotypes of clinical isolates recovered from two medical centers that more frequently reported A. terreus infections. Results of this study reported a great diversity of genotypes among isolates from both centers and revealed no evidence of endemicity among the isolates at either ALOX15 center. Another study investigating in vitro activity of AMB against a large global collection of clinical isolates suggested that isolates from different parts of the world could have differences in AMB susceptibility [12]. Tortorano et al. [12] found that of the four geographic locations where isolates originated, the average MIC of the isolates from the Eastern United States were statistically different from those of the isolates from the other three geographical regions namely, Italy, France-Belgium, and the Western United States, suggesting a possible association between geography and MIC.

C cortex, PL photobiont layer, Pho photobiont, M medulla, Hy fungal hyphae ROS generation, chlorophyll autofluorescence and lipid peroxidation during lichen rehydration Although several works

have described an extracellular oxidative burst during rehydration in some lichen species, virtually nothing is known about intracellular ROS production and its relationship to abiotic stress. In order to determine whether intracellular ROS release follows the rehydration of R. farinacea thalli, 10 μM of the fluorescent probe DFCH2-DA was added to the deionized water 17DMAG mouse used for rehydration. The samples were observed by fluorescence and confocal microscopy 3-4 h after rehydration. The presence of 2′,7′- dichlorofluorescin (DCF), the fluorescent oxidation product of DCFH2, indicated the intracellular production of free radicals during lichen rehydration

(Figure 2B-D). DCF was especially concentrated in the lichen cortex. No significant green autofluorescence was detected in the absence of the probe (Figure 2A). Confocal microscopy showed discrete points of green fluorescence around several large photobionts (Figure 2E), probably due to mycobiont hyphae tips. Figure 2 ROS selleck kinase inhibitor in rehydrated R. farinacea thalli. Thalli of R. farinacea rehydrated with deionized water and 10 μM DCFH2-DA and observed 3-4 h post-rehydration. A, B, C, D ROS content, as revealed by the green fluorescence emission of DCF under a fluorescence microscope (magnification: 400× for A, B and 1000× for C, D); E overlay of confocal microscopy images reveals ROS distribution around some of the photobionts (green fluorescence); F overlay of confocal microscopy images of ROS content of R. farinacea thalli that had

been rehydrated with c-PTIO 200 μM, arrows point to photobionts photobleached by the confocal laser during the observation (oxPho). Red fluorescence is due to the photobiont’s chlorophyll in all cases. Each micrograph is representative of several images corresponding to independent NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase samples. C cortex, M medulla, PL photobiont layer, Pho photobiont, oxPho photobleached photobiont, Hy fungal hyphae A fluorometric kinetics of intracellular free radical production in Ramalina farinacea thalli was performed in order to confirm microscopical data. Figure 3A demonstrates that the rate of intracellular free radical production in recently rehydrated thalli was much higher than the rate of intracellular free radical production in thalli kept in the hydrated state during the previous 24 h. Furthermore, intracellular release of free radicals during rehydration under physiological conditions was biphasic with an initial exponential phase of 20 min followed by a linear phase (Figure 3B). Chlorophyll autofluorescence was simultaneously recorded since this parameter is a surrogate of the levels and integrity of this molecule and therefore of the photosynthetic status of the cell.

aeruginosa PAOU than in PAO1 during stationary phase (from 16 h of growth, a typical growth curve is shown on Figure 2B). To ascertain that the results were not biased by the reporter BTK inhibitor gene and/or vector, we

assayed rhlG mRNA levels by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) in plasmid-free PAOU and PAO1 strains at 20 h of growth. The rhlG mRNAs were 3-fold less abundant in PAOU than in the wildtype strain PAO1 (Additional file 1: Figure S1, Expression levels of rhlG gene). These results confirmed the involvement of AlgU in rhlG transcription, in agreement with the sequence of the novel promoter identified by our 5′-RACE PCR experiment. Figure 2 Transcriptional activity of prrhlG . Promoter activity was followed by measuring the luminescence from P. aeruginosa PAO1 wildtype (squares) and mutant strains, harbouring pAB134, which contains the prrhlG::luxCDABE transcriptional fusion.

Activity was compared between the wildtype PAO1 strain and PAOU (algU mutant, triangles) (A); PAO1 and PAO6358 (rpoN mutant, diamonds) (B), and PAO1 and PDO100 (rhlI mutant) strain complemented with C4-HSL (open circles) or not (blacks circles) (C). Activity is expressed in Relative Units of Luminescence per 0.5 second DMXAA in function of time growth. Gain for luminescence detection was automatically set for each experiment. Results are representative of 2 complete experiments and of several additional experiments with fewer time points, standard deviations were < 6% for all values. Curve without symbol in panel B: growth curve of PAO1. We did not identify

the transcription start site at position −65 (Figure 1) resulting from a σ54-dependent promoter [4]. To rule out the involvement of σ54 in our strain and conditions, we used the prrhlG::luxCDABE fusion in P. aeruginosa PAO6358, which was constructed from PAO1 by deleting a large part of the rpoN gene encoding σ54 [24]. The luminescence was 1.7 to 7 fold lower in P. aeruginosa PAO6358 than in PAO1 from 8 to 30 h of growth (Figure 2B), indicating that σ54 plays indeed an important role in rhlG transcription. This was furthermore confirmed by qRT-PCR, which showed that rhlG mRNAs were 5-fold less abundant in PAO6358 than in PAO1 at 20 h of growth in PPGAS (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Altogether, three promoters, each dependent PJ34 HCl on a distinct sigma factor (σ70, AlgU and σ54), are thus involved in rhlG transcription. The quorum sensing signal molecule C4-HSL inhibits rhlGtranscription Since the putative “lux box” found in the rhlG promoter region (Figure 1) was proposed to be the binding site of the quorum sensing regulator RhlR [9], we examined the prrhlG activity in P. aeruginosa PDO100 strain in which the rhlI gene is inactivated [25]. This gene encodes the RhlI enzyme responsible for the synthesis of C4-HSL which activates RhlR. The prrhlG::luxCDABE fusion led to luminescence values about 1.6-fold higher in P.

Photosynth Res 96:181–183 Morton O (2008) Eating the sun: how plants power the planet.

Harper Collins Publishers, New York Nickelsen K (2010) Of light and Selleckchem Copanlisib darkness: modeling photosynthesis. Habilitationsschrift eingereicht der Phil.-nat. Fakultät der Universität Bern Nonomura AM, Benson AA (1992) The path of carbon in photosynthesis: improved crop yields with methanol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:9794–9798PubMedCrossRef Pauling L (1940) Nature of the chemical bond. Cornell Univ Press, Ithaca Ruben S, Benson AA (1943) The physiological action of phosgene—Report prepared by Norris TH with Rice CN, on October 22, 1943. On file: Committee on Gas Casualties. From “Fasciculus nonchemical Warfare Medicine,” National Research Council, Committee on Treatment of Gas Casualties. Washington, 1945. vol 2: Respiratory Tract; pp 327 and 641 Ruben S, Kamen MD (1941) Long-lived radioactive carbon: C14. Phys Rev 89:349–354CrossRef Umbreit WW, Burris RH, Stauffer JF (1957) Manometric techniques. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis”
“Erratum to: Photosynth Res DOI 10.1007/s11120-011-9638-0 On the ninth page of the original publication there is a mistake with the units used to specify the daily discharge of treatment plants, both in

the text (right column, third line from top) and in Table 2 (Mean daily discharge column). The unit of volume should be ML (not ml). This is the difference between Megalitres (ML) and milliliters (ml).”
“This special issue is a collection of invited reviews and peer-reviewed articles submitted EPZ5676 in vivo by some of the keynote speakers at The Seventh International Symposium on Inorganic Carbon Utilization by Aquatic Photosynthetic Organisms (CCM7), which was held at Awaji Yumebutai International Conference Center, Awaji City, Hyogo, Japan, from August 29 to September 2, 2010. The meeting was attended by 72 delegates from nine countries in Asia, North America, Europe, and Oceania,

and the attendees spent substantially 3 days on the latest studies on CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), CO2 sensing, and its ecophysiological aspects in cyanobacteria, eukaryotic microalgae, and macrophytes from freshwater and marine environments. In the CCM7, two sessions were organized which dealt with topics of particular www.selleck.co.jp/products/hydroxychloroquine-sulfate.html current interest: carbon-flow controls across chloroplasts; and biofuel synthesis as outputs of algal CCMs. The meeting was sponsored by Ogasawara Foundation for the Promotion of Science & Engineering, Grants from the Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, and Hyogo International Association. Yusuke Matsuda (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan) and Hideya Fukuzawa (Kyoto University, Japan) were the chief organizers of the meeting with assistance from the local organizing committee comprising: Akiho Yokota (NAIST, Japan), Yoshihiro Shiraiwa (Tsukuba University, Japan), Tatsuo Omata (Nagoya University, Japan), and Mitsue Miyao (NIAS, Japan).

MASK and MMS held PhD and Post-doctoral fellowships from CNPq, respectively Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Figure S1: Circular dichroism spectrum of purified H. seropedicae His-PhbF. Figure S2: Gel filtration chromatography of purified H. seropedicae His-PhbF. Figure S3: Schematic organization of genes

probably involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) pathway and regulation in H. seropedicae. PF-562271 purchase Figure S4: The DNA-binding assays of purified His-PhbF from H. seropedicae to the nifB promoter region (negative control). (DOC 261 KB) References 1. Anderson AJ, Dawes EA: Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 1990,54(4):450–472.PubMed 2. Madison LL, Huisman GW: Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from DNA to plastic. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999,63(1):21–53.PubMed 3. Jendrossek D: Polyhydroxyalkanoate granules are complex subcellular organelles (carbonosomes). J Bacteriol 2009,191(10):3195–3202.PubMedCrossRef 4. Keshavarz T, Roy I: Polyhydroxyalkanoates: bioplastics with a green agenda. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010,13(3):321–326.PubMedCrossRef

5. Kadouri D, Jurkevitch E, Okon Y: Involvement of the reserve material poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Azospirillum brasilense stress endurance and root colonization. LB-100 supplier Appl Environ Microbiol 2003,69(6):3244–3250.PubMedCrossRef 6. Ratcliff WC, Kadam SV, Denison RF: Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) supports survival and reproduction in starving rhizobia. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008,65(3):391–399.PubMedCrossRef 7. Hervas AB, Canosa I, Santero E: Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas putida in response to nitrogen availability. J Bacteriol 2008,190(1):416–420.PubMedCrossRef 8. Babel W, Ackermann JU, Breuer U: Physiology, regulation, and limits of the synthesis of poly(3HB). Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2001, 71:125–157.PubMed 9. Steinbuchel A, Hein S: Biochemical and molecular basis of microbial synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates in

microorganisms. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2001, 71:81–123.PubMed 10. Griebel R, Smith Z, Merrick JM: Metabolism of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Galeterone I. Purification, composition, and properties of native poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules from Bacillus megaterium . Biochemistry 1968,7(10):3676–3681.PubMedCrossRef 11. Potter M, Steinbuchel A: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) granule-associated proteins: impacts on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis and degradation. Biomacromolecules 2005,6(2):552–560.PubMedCrossRef 12. Potter M, Muller H, Steinbuchel A: Influence of homologous phasins (PhaP) on PHA accumulation and regulation of their expression by the transcriptional repressor PhaR in Ralstonia eutropha H16. Microbiology 2005,151(Pt 3):825–833.PubMedCrossRef 13. Kuchta K, Chi L, Fuchs H, Potter M, Steinbuchel A: Studies on the influence of phasins on accumulation and degradation of PHB and nanostructure of PHB granules in Ralstonia eutropha H16. Biomacromolecules 2007,8(2):657–662.

In the present study, we have discovered by genetic and biochemical approaches that xanthosine phosphorylase (xapA; also known as purine nucleoside phosphorylase II [PNP-II], EC 2.4.2.1) is also capable of converting NAM to NR in E. coli. XapA was originally identified from E. coli, and known to catalyze the reversible ribosyltransfer on purine nucleosides including xanthosine, inosine and guanosine [35–37]. Our data has not only assigned a novel function to xapA, but also uncovered a potential new route in the NAD+

salvage, in which the pathway III is extended by using NAM as an alternative precursor in xapA-possessing organisms. Results Genetic HDAC inhibitors list disruption of NAD+ de novo biosynthesis and NAD+ salvage pathway I in Escherichia coli In an effort to uncover the new function of E. coli xapA in NAD+ salvage pathway from nicotinamide, we produced a set of gene knockout mutants deficient in previously defined NAD+ synthetic pathways, including NAD+

de novo and NAD+ salvage pathways I and III for genetic investigation purpose (see Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1 and Additional file 2: Table S1). We first generated a mutant strain deficient in NAD+ de novo pathway (BW25113ΔnadC) that was unable to survive in the M9 minimal medium, but could restore the growth to a level comparable to the wild-type BW25113 when NA or NAM was supplied to allow NAD+ synthesized via NAD+ salvage pathway I (Figure 2 and Akt inhibitor Table 2). Table 1 Escherichia coli strains and plasmids used in this study Strains or plasmids Genotypes and comments Source or reference Strain DH5α Routine cloning host In-house collection BW25113 rrnB3 ΔlacZ4787 hsdR514 Δ(araBAD)567 Δ(rhaBAD)568 rph-1 CGSC* BW25113ΔnadC BW25113 with chromosomal nadC deletion This study BW25113ΔnadCΔpncA BW25113 with chromosomal nadC and pncA deletion This study BW25113ΔnadCΔpncAΔxapA those BW25113 with chromosomal nadC, pncA, and xapA deletion This study BW25113ΔnadCΔpncAΔnadR BW25113 with chromosomal nadC, pncA, and nadR deletion This study

BW25113ΔnadCΔpncAΔxapAΔnadR BW25113 with chromosomal nadC, pncA, xapA and nadR deletion This study Plasmid pKD13 Gene knockout procedure CGSC* pKD46 Gene knockout procedure CGSC* pCP20 Gene knockout procedure CGSC* pBAD-hisA bla + In-house collection pBAD-EGFP pBAD-hisA with EGFP gene This study pBAD-xapA pBAD-hisA with xapA gene This study pET28a Kana + In-house collection pET28-xapA pET28a with xapA gene This study pEGFP-N2 Template for PCR amplification of EGFP gene In-house collection *CGSC is the E. coli Genetic Stock Center of Yale University. Figure 2 Growth of wild-type Escherichia coli (BW25113) and mutants in LB or M9 agar plates supplied with NAM or NA. Strains in area I-VI represent BW25113, BW25113ΔnadC, BW25113ΔnadCΔpncA, BW25113ΔnadCΔpncAΔxapA, BW25113ΔnadCΔpncAΔnadR and BW25113ΔnadCΔpncAΔxapAΔnadR, respectively.

J Clin Microbiol 2010, 48:1488–1490.PubMedCrossRef 64. Williams PA, Shaw LE: mucK, a gene in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ADP1 (BD413), encodes the ability to grow on exogenous cis, Selleck Pictilisib cis-muconate as the sole carbon source. J Bacteriol 1997, 179:5935–5942.PubMed 65. Lewis JA, Horswill AR, Schwem BE, Escalante-Semerena JC: The tricarballylate utilization (tcuRABC) genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. J Bacteriol 2004, 186:1629–1637.PubMedCrossRef 66. Aghaie A, Lechaplais C, Sirven P, Tricot S, Besnard-Gonnet M, Muselet D, de Berardinis V, Kreimeyer A, Gyapay G, Salanoubat M, Perret A: New insights into the alternative D-glucarate

degradation pathway. MLN8237 nmr J Biol Chem 2001, 283:15638–15646.CrossRef 67. Parke D, Garcia MA, Ornston LN: Cloning

and genetic characterization of dca genes required for beta-oxidation of straight-chain dicarboxylic acids in Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:4817–4827.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: PPDN, FR, MG, MT, and RZ. Performed the experiments and analyzed the data: FR, PPDN, and MG. Wrote the paper: PPDN and RZ. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background The species Streptococcus thermophilus is a Lactic Acid Bacterium (LAB) used as a starter of fermentation in yogurt and cheese production. In nature

and during Thymidylate synthase dairy fermentation processes, S. thermophilus is subjected to sudden changes in its environment and its industrial performance is conditioned by its ability to successfully adapt to harsh conditions. To survive, like many other bacteria, this species must develop appropriate physiological responses by modifying gene expression appropriately. One of the stresses, that S. thermophilus commonly encounters, is the modification of the temperature. For instance, during the production of dairy products, temperature shifts are applied to regulate the bacterial growth and, thus, control the lactic acid production [1]. S. thermophilus survival against thermal stress is conditioned by its ability to sense and quickly adapt its physiology mainly by the synthesis of adequate proteins at the right moment. For example, adaptation of S. thermophilus to a lowering of temperature required the synthesis of a set of chaperones called cold shock proteins (Csp) that is strongly induced in response to a rapid decrease in growth temperature [2, 3]. As in other Gram positive bacteria, S. thermophilus also responds to thermal stress by synthesizing a conserved set of heat-shock proteins (Hsp), including both chaperones and proteases [4]. Their role during heat stress is to rescue, or to scavenge, heat-denatured proteins.